{"id":35453,"date":"2026-03-02T10:11:26","date_gmt":"2026-03-02T04:41:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/microtexindia.com\/%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9f%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9f%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf\/"},"modified":"2022-01-10T05:40:27","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T00:10:27","slug":"%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9f%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9f%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/bn\/%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9f%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9f%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35453\" class=\"elementor elementor-35453 elementor-5232\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bd77fc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bd77fc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-25337a15\" data-id=\"25337a15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52cbbb32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"52cbbb32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd93fcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd93fcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8 (\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f8e37c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f8e37c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15b6983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15b6983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b9\u09b2:<\/p>\n<p>\u09b2\u09bf \u2192 \u09b2\u09bf <sup>+<\/sup> + \u0987 <sup>&#8211;<\/sup>    <\/p>\n<p>Pb \u2192 Pb <sup>2+<\/sup> + 2e <sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Zn \u2192 Zn <sup>2+<\/sup> + 2e <sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b9\u09b2:<\/p>\n<p>PbO <sub>2<\/sub> \u21c4 Pb <sup>2+<\/sup> +2e <sup>&#8211;<\/sup> (\u09b2\u09bf\u09a1-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf)<\/p>\n<p>LiFePO <sub>4<\/sub> (\u09b2\u09bf-\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09c7\u099f \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf)<\/p>\n<p>NiOOH + 2e <sup>&#8211;<\/sup> \u21c4 Ni(OH) <sub>2<\/sub> (Ni-\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a1\u09ae\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf)<\/p>\n<p>Cl <sub>2<\/sub> + 2e \u21c4 2Cl <sup>&#8211;<\/sup> (\u099c\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0995-\u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf)<\/p>\n<p>Br <sub>2<\/sub> + 2e \u21c4 2Br <sup>&#8211;<\/sup> (\u099c\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0995-\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46a4924d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"46a4924d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 - \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5291c29d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5291c29d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09b9\u09b2 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8 \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u099f\u0964 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u099c \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u09b2 \u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2 \u09aa\u099c\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09ad \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u099f (\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09cb\u09a1), \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u099f (\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09a1), \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u099f \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u0987\u09a8\u09be\u09b0, \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u099c\u0995, \u099b\u09cb\u099f \u0985\u0982\u09b6 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8 \u09ac\u09be\u09b0, \u09aa\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f, \u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73919edc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73919edc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 (\u09ac\u09be \u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09b0\u09c7\u099c) \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09c0\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 <strong><u>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7,<\/u><\/strong> \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be, \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 <strong><u>\u0997\u09cc\u09a3 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/u><\/strong> \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09aa\u09be\u09b8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37c4def9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37c4def9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b9\u09b2 \u0995\u09ac\u09cd\u099c\u09bf \u0998\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf, \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u099f\u09b0\u09cd\u099a \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099f\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf \u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf \u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0964 \u0985\u099f\u09cb\u09ae\u09cb\u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b9\u09cb\u09ae \u0987\u09a8\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\/\u0987\u0989\u09aa\u09bf\u098f\u09b8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 Ni-Cd, <a href=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/bn\/battery-terms-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ni-MH<\/a> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <a href=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/lithium-ion-battery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Li-ion \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf<\/a> \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09c0 <a href=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/lead-acid-battery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u09b2\u09bf\u09a1-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf<\/a> \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u0964 \u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09c0 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf (\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995) \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u0995 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09af\u09bc, \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0989\u09aa\u09b2\u09ac\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f2bd957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f2bd957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be (\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7) \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0-\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c393e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c393e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af (\u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c) \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 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\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ac\u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u0987 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 (EMF \u09b8\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u099c\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099a\u09c7, \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09cd\u09af\u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09ac\u09c1\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c1\u09a8)\u0964 \u09b6\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af 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\u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a1, \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf, \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09af\u09be \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1-\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c1 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u099f \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eb056cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6eb056cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c \u09b9\u09b2 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3 (\u09ac\u09c0\u099c\u0997\u09a3\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af)\u0964 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 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\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7, \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a4\u09a4 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19cf7810 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"19cf7810\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0995\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc? <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d7e065 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61d7e065\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09bf\u09ac\u09b8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u0997\u09bf\u09ac\u09b8 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 (\u0394 <sub><i>f<\/i><\/sub> <i>G<\/i> \u02da) \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 <strong>\u0986\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6 \u0997\u09bf\u09ac\u09b8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/strong> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u09b9\u09b2 \u0997\u09bf\u09ac\u09b8 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09af\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 1 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0995 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 (1 \u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09c7 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be, \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 298.15 K \u09ac\u09be 25 \u00b0C)\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-442fb374 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"442fb374\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0997\u09bf\u09ac\u09b8 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf (G)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-452bc834 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"452bc834\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gibbs_free_energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0997\u09bf\u09ac\u09b8 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u098f\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09bf<\/a> \u09b9\u09b2 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09aa \u09af\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7 (\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09a1) \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 (\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09cb\u09a1) \u09a8\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u099a\u09a1\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09a4 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987, \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0394 <em>G<\/em> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc, <em>\u0997\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/em> , \u09af\u09be \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09a7\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37fbd808 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37fbd808\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u09af\u0996\u09a8\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0998\u099f\u09c7, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf <strong>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/strong> \u09b9\u09af\u09bc:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u2206G<\/em> = &#8211; nFE\u00b0<\/p>\n<p>\u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 <em>F<\/em> = \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a1\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 (96,485 C \u09ac\u09be 26.8 Ah)<\/p>\n<p><em>n<\/em> = \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u099a\u09bf\u0993\u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/p>\n<p><em>E<\/em> <sup>\u00b0<\/sup> = \u0986\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af, \u09ad\u09bf\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u2206G-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8, n, F \u098f\u09ac\u0982 E \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7<\/p>\n<p>\u0394G\u00b0 = \u03a3\u0394G\u00b0 <em><sub>f \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af<\/sub><\/em> &#8211; \u03a3\u0394G\u00b0 <em><sub>f \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995<\/sub><\/em>    <\/p>\n<p>\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u099f\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u099f \u09ac\u0987 [\u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u09ac\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7, \u09b2\u09bf\u09a1-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u099c\u09a8 \u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf, \u09a8\u09bf\u0989 \u0987\u09af\u09bc\u09b0\u09cd\u0995, 1977, \u09aa\u09c3.366] \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n<p>PbO <sub>2<\/sub> + Pb + 2H <sub>2<\/sub> SO <sub>4<\/sub> \u21c4 2PbSO <sub>4<\/sub> + 2H <sub>2<\/sub> O<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7db5f346 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7db5f346\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0394G\u00b0 = \u03a3\u0394G\u00b0 <em><sub>f \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af<\/sub><\/em> &#8211; \u03a3\u0394G\u00b0 <em><sub>f \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995<\/sub><\/em>    <\/p>\n<p>\u2206G\u00ba <em>=<\/em> [2( <em>\u2212<\/em> 193\u0964 89) + 2( <em>\u2212<\/em> 56\u0964 <em>69<\/em> )] <em>\u2212<\/em> [( <em>\u2212<\/em> 52\u0964 34) <em>+<\/em> 0 &#8211; 2( <em>\u2212<\/em> 177\u0964 34) <em>]<\/em> <\/p>\n<p>= <em>\u2212<\/em> 94 <em>\u0964<\/em> 14 \u0995\u09bf\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09b0\u09bf \/ \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2<\/p>\n<p>= <em>\u2212<\/em> 94 <em>\u0964<\/em> 14 \u0995\u09bf\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09b0\u09bf \/ \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 <em>\u00d7<\/em> 4 <em>\u0964<\/em> 184 \u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09c7 \/ \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2<\/p>\n<p>= <em>\u2212<\/em> 393 <em>\u0964<\/em> 88 \u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09c7 \/ \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2<\/p>\n<p><em>E\u00ba<\/em> = <em>\u2212<\/em> \u0394 <em>G\u00ba\/nF<\/em> <\/p>\n<p>= <em>\u2212<\/em> ( <em>\u2212<\/em> 393\u0964 88 <em>\u00d7<\/em> 1000 <em>) \/<\/em> <em>2<\/em> <em>\u00d7<\/em> 96485<\/p>\n<p>= 2 <em>\u0964<\/em> 04 \u09ad\u09bf<\/p>\n<p>\u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa <strong>\u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf<\/strong> \u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987,<\/p>\n<p>\u2212\u0394G = nFE \u09ac\u09be \u0394G = \u2212nFE \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0394G\u00ba = \u2212nFE\u00ba\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b730e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47b730e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-351a0a3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"351a0a3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c \u09a6\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7:<\/p>\n<p>\u0987 <sub>\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2<\/sub> = \u0987 <sub>\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09cb\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u099c\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09ad \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1<\/sub> \u2013 \u0987 <sub>\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be E <sub>cell<\/sub> = E <sub>PP<\/sub> &#8211; E <sub>NP<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>1953 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 1968 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0985\u09ab \u09aa\u09bf\u0993\u09b0 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf (IUPAC) \u0995\u09a8\u09ad\u09c7\u09a8\u09b6\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09c7 <em>\u09a1\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1<\/em> (RHE) \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 <em>\u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8<\/em> \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <em>\u09ac\u09be\u09ae \u09b9\u09be\u09a4 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1<\/em> \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1, \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 <em>\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8<\/em> \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09ae \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a1\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc <strong>[<\/strong> <em>\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cb\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a1\u09bf; \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cb\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a1\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1, \u09a1\u09bf\u098f\u099c\u09c7; Rand, DAJ (ed.) \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8 \u09ab\u09b0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09a8, \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc 4, \u098f\u09b2\u09b8\u09c7\u09ad\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0, \u0986\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09a1\u09be\u09ae, 1984<\/em> <strong>]<\/strong> \u0964 RHE \u09b9\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09cb\u09a1 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 LHE \u09b9\u09b2 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09a1<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0987 <sub>\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2<\/sub> = E <sub>RHE<\/sub> \u2212 E <sub>LHE<\/sub> <\/p>\n<p>\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09cd\u09af\u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09ac\u09c1\u0995 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b31e652 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2b31e652\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d261aa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d261aa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0987 <sub>\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2<\/sub> = \u0987 <sub>\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09cb\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u099c\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09ad \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1<\/sub> \u2013 \u0987 <sub>\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>LHE Pb\u00bdH <sub>2<\/sub> SO <sub>4<\/sub> \u00bdH <sub>2<\/sub> SO4\u00bdPbO <sub>2<\/sub> RHE<\/p>\n<p>RHE \u09b9\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09cb\u09a1 <em>E<\/em> <em>\u00b0<\/em> <em><sub>Rev<\/sub><\/em> = 1.69 V \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af Pb <sup>4<\/sup> <sup>+<\/sup> + 2e \u21c4 Pb <sup>2+<\/sup> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/p>\n<p>Pb <sup>\u00ba<\/sup> \u2212 2e _ Pb <sup>2+<\/sup> \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af LHE anode <em>E<\/em> <em>\u00b0<\/em> <em><sub>Rev<\/sub><\/em> = \u22120.358 V<\/p>\n<p>\u0987 <sub>\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2<\/sub> = 1.69 \u2013 (-0.358) = 2.048 V\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42a4f180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"42a4f180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ni-Cd \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6288d3e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6288d3e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>RHE Cd|KOH|KOH|NiOOH LHE<\/p>\n<p>NiOOH +2e \u21c4Ni(OH) \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af LHE <em>E<\/em> <em>\u00b0<\/em> <em><sub>\u09b0\u09c7\u09ad<\/sub><\/em> = 0.49<\/p>\n<p>Cd \u21c4 Cd <sup>2+<\/sup> +2e \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af RHE <em>E<\/em> <em>\u00b0<\/em> <em><sub>Rev<\/sub><\/em> = &#8211; 0.828 V<\/p>\n<p>\u0987 <sub>\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2<\/sub> = 0 <em>\u0964<\/em> 49 V <em>\u2212<\/em> ( <em>\u2212<\/em> 0\u0964 828) <em>=<\/em> 1 <em>\u0964<\/em> 318 \u09ad\u09bf<\/p>\n<p> \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 <em>E<\/em> <em>\u00b0<\/em> <em><sub>\u09b0\u09c7\u09ad<\/sub><\/em> \u09b9\u09b2 0.49 V\u0964 MH \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 <em>E<\/em> <em>\u00b0<\/em> <em><sub>\u09b0\u09c7\u09ad<\/sub><\/em> \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a1-\u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 <\/p>\n<p>2MH \u21c4 2M + H <sub>2<\/sub> \u2191<\/p>\n<p>MH \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09b9\u09b2 0.01 \u09ac\u09be\u09b0, <em>E<\/em> <em>\u00b0<\/em> <em><sub>\u09b0\u09c7\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0<\/sub><\/em> \u09b0\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u20130.930 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u20130.860 V \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/p>\n<p>\u0987 <sub>\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2<\/sub> = 0 <em>\u0964<\/em> 49 V <em>\u2212<\/em> ( <em>\u2212<\/em> 0\u0964 89) <em>=<\/em> 1 <em>\u0964<\/em> 3 \u09ad\u09bf.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa6bf54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5aa6bf54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u098f\u09b2\u09b8\u09bf\u0993 \u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09bf-\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52ae5db5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52ae5db5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0986\u09b0\u098f\u0987\u099a\u0987 \u09b8\u09bf | \u09a1\u09bf\u098f\u09ae\u09b8\u09bf +\u09a1\u09bf\u0987\u09b8\u09bf +\u09aa\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 LiPF <sub>6<\/sub> | LiCoO <sub>2<\/sub> LHE<\/p>\n<p>LiC <sub>6<\/sub> \u21c4 xLi <sup>+<\/sup> + xe + C <sub>6<\/sub> \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af RHE <em>E<\/em> <em>\u00b0<\/em> <em><sub>\u09b0\u09c7\u09ad<\/sub><\/em> = 0.1 V (\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09b2\u09bf \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1)<\/p>\n<p>Li <sub>1-x<\/sub> CoO <sub>2<\/sub> + xe <em><sup>\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c \u2192<\/sup><\/em> LiCoO <sub>2<\/sub> \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af LHE <em>E<\/em> <em>\u00b0<\/em> <em><sub>\u09b0\u09c7\u09ad<\/sub><\/em> = 3.8 V (\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09b2\u09bf \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1)<\/p>\n<p>\u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 C <sub>6<\/sub> + LiCoO <sub>2<\/sub> \u21c4 Li <sub>x<\/sub> C <sub>6<\/sub> + Li <sub>1-x<\/sub> CoO <sub>2<\/sub>     <\/p>\n<p>\u0987 <sub>\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2<\/sub> = 3.8 \u2013 (0.1) = 3.7 V\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d56a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5d56a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LiFePO4 \u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09bf-\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e5081ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e5081ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0986\u09b0\u098f\u0987\u099a\u0987 \u09b8\u09bf | LiPF <sub>6<\/sub> \u09ac\u09be LiODFB in (EC+EMC+DEC) | LiFePO <sub>4<\/sub> LHE<\/p>\n<p>LiC <sub>6<\/sub> \u21c4 xLi <sup>+<\/sup> + xe + C <sub>6<\/sub> \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af RHE <em>E<\/em> <em>\u00b0<\/em> <em><sub>\u09b0\u09c7\u09ad<\/sub><\/em> = 0.1 V (\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09b2\u09bf \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1)<\/p>\n<p>FePO <sub>4<\/sub> + xe + xLi <sup>+<\/sup> = <em><sup>\u09b8\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac \u2192<\/sup><\/em> xLiFePO <sub>4<\/sub> + (1-x) FePO <sub>4<\/sub> \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af LHE <em>E<\/em> <em>\u00b0<\/em> <em><sub>\u09b0\u09c7\u09ad<\/sub><\/em> = 3.5 V (\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09b2\u09bf \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1)<\/p>\n<p>LIODFB = \u09b2\u09bf\u09a5\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09a1\u09bf\u09ab\u09cd\u09b2\u09c1\u09b0\u09cb(\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u099f\u09cb)\u09ac\u09cb\u09b0\u09c7\u099f<\/p>\n<p>\u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be LiFePO <sub>4<\/sub> + 6C \u2192LiC <sub>6<\/sub> + FePO <sub>4<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u0987 <sub>\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2<\/sub> = 3.3 \u2013 (0.1) = 3.2 V<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b0927b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b0927b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0-\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3: \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8, \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c8e700a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c8e700a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u099f\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099f\u09be\u0987\u09ae \u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u099c\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n<p>P = W = V*A<\/p>\n<p>\u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u099f\u099f\u09bf \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u099c\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf 1 W.Second = 1 Joule<\/p>\n<p>\u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf = Wh = W*h = V*A*h = 3600 \u099c\u09c1\u09b2\u0964<\/p>\n<p>1 kWh = 1000 Wh.<\/p>\n<p>\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 (Ah) \u09af\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54fae198 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54fae198\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wh \u09ac\u09be kWh-\u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09a6 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 (Wh = VAh)\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf 12 V \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 850 Wh 850 Wh\/12 V = 71 Ah \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 71 Ah \u0986\u0981\u0995\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09af\u09bc, \u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b2\u09bf-\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, 1 \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af 70 A \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7, \u09b2\u09bf\u09a1-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf 1 \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a6\u09be\u0981\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f 35 A \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf VRLA \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf 70A \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 40 \u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f\u09c7\u09b0\u0993 \u0995\u09ae \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21e8417e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21e8417e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>70 A = 70 A*3.6 V = 252 W \u098f \u09b2\u09bf-\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 70 A = 70 A * 1.9 V = 133 W \u098f \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09c7\u099c\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0995\u09c7\u0989 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf-\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf-\u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u098f\u0995\u0987\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 70 A = 70 A * 3.6 V * 1h = 252 Wh \u098f \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b2\u09bf-\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 70 A = 70 A* 1.9 V * 0.66 h = 88 Wh \u098f \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf VR \u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf-\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf-\u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7<\/p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59731c7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59731c7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be<\/strong> \u09b9\u09b2 Ah \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u099f \u0993\u099c\u09a8 (Ah\/kg \u09ac\u09be mAh\/g)\u0964<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/strong> \u09b9\u09b2 Wh \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u099f \u0993\u099c\u09a8 (Wh\/kg)\u0964<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac<\/strong> \u09b9\u09b2 Wh \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u099f \u09ad\u09b2\u09bf\u0989\u09ae (Wh\/litre)\u0964<\/p>\n<p><strong><em> <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u09ac\u09bf\u0983\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u0983:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><u>\u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0998\u09a8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac<\/u> \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u099f\u09bf <u>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/u> \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <u>\u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ad\u09b2\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0998\u09a8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac<\/u> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c78ee82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1c78ee82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf - \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7914f0b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7914f0b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09b9\u09b2 \u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac, \u09af\u09be 1 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 (As)\u0964 <strong>\u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a1\u09c7 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 (F)<\/strong> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 1 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 1 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c 1.602 x 10 <sup>&#8211;<\/sup> <sup>19<\/sup> \u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac (C), \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u0995 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c 96485 C\/mole \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u0964<\/p>\n<p>1 F = 1(6.02214 *10 <sup>23<\/sup> ) * (1.60218*10 <sup>-19<\/sup> C) = 96485 C (\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce 96485 C\/mole)\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26384cc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26384cc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>6.02214 *10 <sup>23<\/sup> \u09b9\u09b2 <strong>\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ad\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be (\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ad\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995),<\/strong> \u09af\u09be \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1, \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0\u0964 \u098f\u0987\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7, \u09af\u09c7\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 0.2 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7 0.2 *\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ad\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u0995 \u0995\u09a3\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c \u09b9\u09b2 1.60217653 x 10 <sup>-19<\/sup> \u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u0964 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u0986\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u0995\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u0986\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ad\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be 6.02214154 x 10 <sup>23<\/sup> \u0995\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8 [ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/how-was-avogadros-number\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/how-was-avogadros -\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\/<\/a> ]\u0964<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>1 F 96485 C\/mole = 96485 As\/60*60 s = 26.8014 Ah\/mole<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24952298 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24952298\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cc2468d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4cc2468d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u0986\u09a3\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0993\u099c\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0993\u099c\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 <em>\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af<\/em> \u09a6\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u0995 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae \u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af 96,485 \u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7 (\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995 \u098f\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 96,500 C-\u098f \u09b0\u09be\u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u0985\u09ab \u0995\u09b0\u09c7) \u09af\u09be 26.8014 Ah \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n<p>207.2 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae \u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u0995\u09c7 2F \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce = 2 <em>\u00d7<\/em> 26 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 <em>\u0964<\/em> 8014 \u0986\u09b9 = 53.603 \u0986\u09b9\u0964 (\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be: Pb \u2192 Pb <sup>2+<\/sup> + 2e <sup>&#8211;<\/sup> )\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u09a4\u09be\u0987 1 Ah \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 (NAM) \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 (\u09af\u09be <strong><em>\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u099f\u09bf-\u09a1\u09c7\u09a8\u09b8\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/em><\/strong> \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 <strong>)<\/strong> = 207.2 <em>\/<\/em> 53 <em>\u0964<\/em> 603 = 3.866 g \/Ah [ <em>\u09ac\u09cb\u09a1, \u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8, \u09b2\u09bf\u09a1-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u099c\u09a8 \u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf, \u09a8\u09bf\u0989 \u0987\u09af\u09bc\u09b0\u09cd\u0995, 1977, p.292<\/em> \u0964]\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-545a9f7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"545a9f7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc<\/strong> <strong><em>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>  <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be<\/em><\/strong><em> = nF\/ \u0986\u09a3\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0993\u099c\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0993\u099c\u09a8\u0964 (n = \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be)\u0964<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f81a670 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f81a670\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee840bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee840bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be<\/strong> (NAM), Pb = 56.3\/207.2 = 0.259 mAh \/g = 259 Ah\/kg\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2 <strong>\u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995<\/strong> <strong><u>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/u><\/strong> \u0964 <strong>NAM \u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/strong> = 259*2.04 V = 528.36 Wh\/kg<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c26b4f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c26b4f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be (PAM)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ff8610a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ff8610a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u098f\u0995\u0987\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7, 1 Ah \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 (\u09af\u09be <strong><em>\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac<\/em><\/strong> \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 <strong>)<\/strong> = 239.2 <em>\/<\/em> 53 <em>\u0964<\/em> 603 = 4.46 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\/\u0986\u09b9\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be (PAM), PbO <sub>2<\/sub> = 56.3\/239 = 0.224 mAh \/g = 224 Ah\/kg\u0964 <strong>PAM \u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be \u09a1\u09be\u0987 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/strong> = 224*2.04 V = 456.96 Wh\/kg\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b292673 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b292673\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u09b2\u09bf\u09a5\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78c7dc9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"78c7dc9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u09b2\u09bf-\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5916ab8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5916ab8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>LiC <sub>6<\/sub> \u098f\u09b0 <strong>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be<\/strong> = xF\/n*\u0986\u09a3\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0993\u099c\u09a8<\/p>\n<p>= 1 * 26.8\/ 1*72 mAh\/g (1 \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af Stoichiometrically 72 g C \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8<\/p>\n<p>LiC <sub>6<\/sub> \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af Li \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 Li LCO \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09cb\u09a1 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc, \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09a1 \u09ad\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 X = 1; Li <sup>+<\/sup> \u098f\u09b0 100% \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0983\u0995\u09be\u09b2 )<\/p>\n<p> = 0.372 Ah\/g<\/p>\n<p> = <strong>372 mAh\/g = 372 Ah\/kg<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/strong> LiC <sub>6<\/sub> = 372*3.7 V<\/p>\n<p>= 1376 \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-746b94d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"746b94d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LiCoO2 (LCO) \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dc86814 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dc86814\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be LiCoO <sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>= 0.5 Li <sup>+<\/sup> + 0.5 e + Li <sub>0.5<\/sub> CoO <sub>2<\/sub> (x= 0.5, Li <sup>+<\/sup> \u098f\u09b0 50% \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0983\u0995\u09be\u09b2 )<\/p>\n<p>= xF\/n*Mol Wt<\/p>\n<p> =0.5*26.8\/ 1 * 98 \u09b2\u09bf = 6.94 Co = 58.93 2 O = 32<\/p>\n<p><sub>                  <\/sub> = 13.4 \/ 98 Ah\/g = 0.1368 Ah\/kg<\/p>\n<p> = <strong>137 mAh\/g = 137 Ah\/kg\u0964<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>LiCoO <sub>2<\/sub> \u098f\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf = 137*3.7 V = <strong>507 Wh\/kg<\/strong> (x= 0.5, Li <sup>+<\/sup> \u098f\u09b0 50% \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0983\u0995\u09be\u09b2)<\/p>\n<p>\u09af\u09a6\u09bf <strong>x \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 1 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc<\/strong> , \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09a3 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7, 137*2= <strong>274 mAh\/g = 274 Ah\/kg<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>LiCoO <sub>2<\/sub><\/u><\/strong> <strong>\u098f\u09b0<\/strong> <strong>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/strong> <strong>       <\/strong>= 274 *3.7 V (x= 1\u0964 \u09b2\u09bf <sup>+<\/sup> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 (100%) \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0983\u0995\u09be\u09b2<\/p>\n<p>= <strong>1013 \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/strong> <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-350198f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"350198f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LiFePO4 \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aee8f50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aee8f50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p> LiFePO <sub>4<\/sub> \u098f\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be   <\/p>\n<p>= xF\/n*Mol Wt<\/p>\n<p>= 26.8\/157.75 = 169.9 mAh\/g = 170 <strong>mAh\/g = 170 Ah\/kg<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>LiFePO <sub>4<\/sub> \u098f\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf = 170*3.2 V = 544 Wh\/kg<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16c12202 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16c12202\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf - \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85e10ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85e10ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc:<\/p>\n<p>\u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf = 26 <em>\u0964<\/em> 8015 <em>\u00d7<\/em> ( nE <em><u>\/<\/u><\/em> <em>\u03a3moles<\/em> ) Wh\/kg \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 <em>n<\/em> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <em>E<\/em> \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf \u0986\u099b\u09c7; <em>n<\/em> , \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <em>E<\/em> , \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u09ac\u09bf\u0983\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u0983<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u098f\u09b8 <sub>\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf<\/sub> \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987<\/li>\n<li>\u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u099f\u099f\u09bf Wh\/kg-\u098f \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 (Wh kg <sup>-1<\/sup> \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0993 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7), \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u0993\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fef5aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fef5aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30722f1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30722f1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09b2:<\/p>\n<p>PbO <sub>2<\/sub> + Pb + 2H <sub>2<\/sub> SO <sub>4<\/sub> \u21c4 2PbSO <sub>4<\/sub> + 2H <sub>2<\/sub> O E\u00ba = 2.04 V\u0964<\/p>\n<p><sub>\u03a3moles<\/sub> = 239 +207+ 2*98 in g<\/p>\n<p><em>               <\/em>= 0.642 \u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/p>\n<p>\u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<em>       <\/em>= 26 <em>\u0964<\/em> 8 <em>\u00d7 ( nE <u>\/<\/u> \u03a3moles)<\/em> Wh\/kg <\/p>\n<p> = 26.8*(2*2.04\/0.642) \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/p>\n<p> = 26.8015*(6.3551) \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/p>\n<p> = 170.3 \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a230f17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a230f17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tobias Placke [ <em>J Solid State Electrochem (2017) 21:1939<\/em> <em>\u2013<\/em> <em>1964<\/em> ] \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c0\u09b8\u09be-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09c0\u099a\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0993 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7:<\/p>\n<p>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf = <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26129 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-08-at-8.07.47-AM-300x49.png\" alt=\"Specific energy in electrochemistry\" width=\"300\" height=\"49\">                                   <\/p>\n<p> =1[1\/(224*2.04) + 1\/(259*2.04) + 1\/(273*2.04)]<\/p>\n<p> = 1[(1\/457) + (1\/528) + (1\/557)]<\/p>\n<p> = 1\/(0.002188 + 0.001893 + 0.001796)<\/p>\n<p> = 1\/0.005877<\/p>\n<p> = 170 \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59b9f10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59b9f10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ni-Cd \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-584e301d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"584e301d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>2NiOOH + Cd \u21c4 2Ni(OH) <sub>2<\/sub> + Cd(OH) <sub>2<\/sub> E\u00ba = 1.33 V<\/p>\n<p>\u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<em>       <\/em>= 26 <em>\u0964<\/em> 8 <em>\u00d7 ( nE <u>\/<\/u> \u03a3moles)<\/em> Wh\/kg <\/p>\n<p> = 26.8*(2*1.33\/0.296) \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/p>\n<p> = 26.8015*(8.9865) \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/p>\n<p>= <strong>240.8 \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc KOH \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u099f \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be<\/p>\n<p>\u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1, \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995<\/p>\n<p>\u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0993\u099c\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 214.8 Wh\/kg \u098f \u09a8\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09ac\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u03a3 <sub>\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2<\/sub> \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc<\/p>\n<p>0.332. \u09ab\u09b2\u09be\u09ab\u09b2 <strong>214<\/strong> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 <strong>\u0964<\/strong> <strong>8<\/strong> <strong>\u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be \/ \u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/strong> \u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86a0527 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"86a0527\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LiFePO4 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c494ad7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c494ad7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>(x=1. 100% \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0983\u0995\u09be\u09b2)<\/p>\n<p> = 26 <em>\u0964<\/em> 8015 <em>\u00d7 ( nE <u>\/<\/u> \u03a3moles)<\/em> Wh\/kg <\/p>\n<p> = 26.8 [(1*3.2)\/(72+157.75) LiFePO4 + 6C + \u09b6\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b2\u09bf<\/p>\n<p>= 26.8[(1*3.2)\/(229.75)] = 26.8*0.013928<\/p>\n<p>= 0.37329 Wh\/g<\/p>\n<p>= 373 <strong>\u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d64bca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72d64bca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LCO \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e5ffc08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e5ffc08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>(x=1; 100% \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8)<\/p>\n<p> = 26 <em>\u0964<\/em> 8015 <em>\u00d7<\/em> Wh\/kg 169.87<\/p>\n<p>= 26.8 [(1*3.7)\/(72+97.87)] LiCoO <sub>2<\/sub> + 6C + \u09b6\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b2\u09bf<\/p>\n<p>= 26.8 *[(3.7)\/(169.87)] <\/p>\n<p>= 26.8 *0.02178<\/p>\n<p>= 0.58377 Wh\/g<\/p>\n<p>= <strong>584 \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u09af\u09a6\u09bf x = 0.5<\/strong> (Li \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 50% \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0983\u0995\u09be\u09b2) \u09b9\u09af\u09bc, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u0995 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be 26.8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7, \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce 13.4\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09be\u09ab\u09b2 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 <strong>584\/2 = 292 Wh\/kg<\/strong> \u0964<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bb33444 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7bb33444\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2\/\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 (\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4) \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19dc6c4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19dc6c4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pushevs.com\/2015\/11\/04\/gs-yuasa-improved-cells-lev50-vs-lev50n\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pushevs.com\/2015\/11\/04\/gs-yuasa-improved-cells-lev50-vs-lev50n\/<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b2 \u099f\u09be\u0987\u09ae \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf = (\u0997\u09a1\u09bc \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c * \u0986\u09b9) \/ (\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0)<\/p>\n<p> = (3.7 V*50 Ah <sub>1<\/sub> ) \/ 1.7 kg (Yuasa LEV50 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7)<\/p>\n<p> = 185 \/1.7<\/p>\n<p> = <strong>108.8 \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> = (14.8*50)\/ 7.5 (Yuasa LEV50-4 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf)<\/p>\n<p> = <strong>98.7 \u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\/\u0995\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b2 \u099f\u09be\u0987\u09ae \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0998\u09a8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac = Wh\/\u09ad\u09b2\u09bf\u0989\u09ae = 17.1*4.4*11.5 = 865 cc<\/p>\n<p> = 185\/0.865 = <strong>214 Wh\/\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> = Wh\/\u09ad\u09b2\u09bf\u0989\u09ae = 17.5*19.4*11.6 = 3938 cc = 3.94 \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0<\/p>\n<p> = 14.8*50 \/ 3.94 = <strong>187 Wh \/ \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf (\u0995\u09ae kWh) \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u0998\u099f\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc 10% \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u0998\u099f\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc 13% \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc (\u0995\u09ae kWh)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09b8 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09b0 (\u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5) \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09b0 (\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u099f), \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 (\u09ac\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0) \u098f\u09b0 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a4 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0983-\u09b6\u09c3\u0999\u09cd\u0996\u09b2\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09c7 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7) \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 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