{"id":35642,"date":"2026-03-03T11:43:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-03T06:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/microtexindia.com\/bateria-de-litio-ion\/"},"modified":"2026-03-03T12:36:32","modified_gmt":"2026-03-03T07:06:32","slug":"bateria-de-litio-ion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/bateria-de-litio-ion\/","title":{"rendered":"Bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio ou bateria de chumbo \u00e1cido?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"35642\" class=\"elementor elementor-35642 elementor-5158\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1cd1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1cd1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b9baf\" data-id=\"b2b9baf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f169da8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f169da8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Como funciona a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a44be4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a44be4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A percep\u00e7\u00e3o no dom\u00ednio p\u00fablico \u00e9 que as baterias de chumbo-\u00e1cido s\u00e3o tecnologia antiga. A bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio tem uma percep\u00e7\u00e3o diferente, \u00e9 moderna, mais limpa, tem 3 ou 4 vezes a densidade de energia e uma dura\u00e7\u00e3o de ciclo mais longa. Com tudo isto, que poss\u00edveis vantagens poderia trazer \u00e0 mesa a tecnologia do chumbo \u00e1cido com 150 anos de idade? Bem, na verdade, nem tudo \u00e9 como parece, olhe para tr\u00e1s das manchetes os dados utilizados nas alega\u00e7\u00f5es de marketing, depois aplique um pouco de senso comum, pesquisa b\u00e1sica e alguma ci\u00eancia rudimentar. Voc\u00ea vai descobrir que a verdadeira hist\u00f3ria \u00e9 bem diferente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6c9c38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6c9c38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O primeiro equ\u00edvoco diz respeito \u00e0s densidades volum\u00e9tricas e espec\u00edficas de energia. Os valores das manchetes de 4 a 5 vezes referem-se apenas \u00e0 densidade espec\u00edfica de energia e a um n\u00famero limitado de baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio, algumas das quais ainda n\u00e3o est\u00e3o em uso comercial. Fig. 2 compara v\u00e1rios c\u00e1todos para c\u00e9lulas de bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio, que variam de cerca de 100Wh\/kg para a mais segura qu\u00edmica Li-FePO4 at\u00e9 mais de 200Wh\/kg para a variante de \u00f3xido de n\u00edquel-cobalto-alum\u00ednio. O diagrama da bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido \u00e9 apresentado abaixo:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-8882cc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8882cc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3cb18d\" data-id=\"e3cb18d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737b9c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"737b9c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-2-Energy-densities-of-various-battery-chemistries-at-cell-level-pe9qyojooukdg5tnk3qutho6d9n914pagallj7w0e6.jpg\" title=\"Figure-2-Energy-densities-of-various-battery-chemistries-at-cell-level.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-2-Energy-densities-of-various-battery-chemistries-at-cell-level.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figura 2 Densidades energ\u00e9ticas de v\u00e1rios produtos qu\u00edmicos de bateria ao n\u00edvel da c\u00e9lula<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e40d600\" data-id=\"e40d600\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52bfb830 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"52bfb830\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-3-Comparison-of-Li-ion-and-Lead-acid-at-cell-and-system-level-pe9r0rqrvlfb8ysfd090cyp1w3cm4wztemsfxcsike.jpg\" title=\"Figure-3-Comparison-of-Li-ion-and-Lead-acid-at-cell-and-system-level.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-3-Comparison-of-Li-ion-and-Lead-acid-at-cell-and-system-level.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figura 3 Compara\u00e7\u00e3o entre a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio e a bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido ao n\u00edvel da c\u00e9lula e do sistema<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4c59c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b4c59c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estes valores s\u00f3 se aplicam ao n\u00edvel de c\u00e9lula \u00fanica, n\u00e3o \u00e0 embalagem ou \u00e0 condi\u00e7\u00e3o em servi\u00e7o. Fig. 3 mostra as densidades de energia de diferentes qu\u00edmicos de bateria a n\u00edvel de c\u00e9lula e sistema. A densidade de energia das c\u00e9lulas das baterias de \u00edons de l\u00edtio \u00e9 praticamente reduzida pela metade quando totalmente instaladas com todas as conex\u00f5es, resfriamento, seguran\u00e7a e equipamento de gerenciamento de baterias.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eb6152 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7eb6152\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A vantagem do n\u00edvel celular de 3 a 5 vezes a densidade de energia espec\u00edfica \u00e9 reduzida para 2 a 3 vezes. Dependendo da qu\u00edmica do c\u00e1todo de l\u00edtio, podemos quase estar olhando para a paridade entre as baterias de \u00edons de l\u00edtio e a densidade de energia das baterias de \u00e1cido de chumbo para um sistema de baterias totalmente instalado em algumas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es.<br>O outro factor, o da vida do ciclo, \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m uma fonte de confus\u00e3o. Quantos ciclos uma bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio pode realizar antes que a capacidade caia abaixo de 80% da sua classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de placa de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o? Dois, tr\u00eas mil? A Tabela 1 apresenta um resumo dos diferentes materiais cat\u00f3dicos de \u00edon-l\u00edtio para o desempenho e a vida \u00fatil do ciclo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cc5728 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4cc5728\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Vantagens da qu\u00edmica de baterias de chumbo-\u00e1cido<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78e5ad9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78e5ad9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As baterias s\u00e3o dispositivos estranhos. Ningu\u00e9m os quer, mas todos precisam deles. Eles s\u00f3 s\u00e3o comprados quando necess\u00e1rio. Quantas pessoas planeiam ir ao centro comercial local \u00e0 loja de montras para comprar pilhas? S\u00e3o uma compra rancorosa e s\u00f3 comprada quando absolutamente necess\u00e1ria. Um bom vendedor pode vender-lhe dois pares de sapatos, dois carros e talvez duas casas se voc\u00ea tiver o dinheiro, mas ele n\u00e3o pode vender-lhe duas baterias de autom\u00f3vel SLI. Quando voc\u00ea compra uma bateria, seja uma <a href=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/armazenagem-de-materia-prima-solar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bateria solar<\/a> para um painel solar, uma bicicleta el\u00e9trica ou uma UPS e um sistema de backup de <a href=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/bateria-do-inversor-para-casa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bateria do inversor<\/a> ou uma <a href=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/produtos-de-pilhas\/materiais-para-empilhamento\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bateria de tra\u00e7\u00e3o para empilhadeiras<\/a>, voc\u00ea n\u00e3o gostaria de saber mais sobre isso?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c2f1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c2f1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como funcionam as baterias de chumbo \u00e1cido, quais s\u00e3o as diferen\u00e7as entre tipos e modelos, e que tal os diferentes produtos qu\u00edmicos? Eles podem ser caros. Numa aplica\u00e7\u00e3o comercial ou dom\u00e9stica, qual \u00e9 o retorno do investimento, qual \u00e9 a dura\u00e7\u00e3o e o custo de substitui\u00e7\u00e3o de uma bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido? O tamanho que precisa, o espa\u00e7o dispon\u00edvel, a efici\u00eancia energ\u00e9tica da bateria de chumbo \u00e1cido e o tempo de recarga? E depois, h\u00e1 os custos ocultos da seguran\u00e7a, da elimina\u00e7\u00e3o e da pegada de carbono. Este artigo compara baterias de chumbo \u00e1cido com <strong>baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/strong> e aborda muitos dos equ\u00edvocos associados a estes dois produtos qu\u00edmicos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-570add3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"570add3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Qual \u00e9 a melhor bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c96ab1a uael-header-sticky-no uael-border-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-table\" data-id=\"4c96ab1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"uael-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div itemscope class=\"uael-table-wrapper\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Table\">\n\t\t<table id=\"uael-table-id-4c96ab1a\" class=\"uael-text-break uael-column-rules uael-table\" data-sort-table=\"no\" data-show-entry=\"no\" data-searchable=\"no\" data-responsive=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"0\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-071aff8 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">material cat\u00f3dico<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"1\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-365fe86 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Nome curto<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"2\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-88eda97 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Tens\u00e3o nominal<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"3\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-e405522 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Energia espec\u00edfica Wh\/kg (c\u00e9lula)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"4\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-e10fdc8 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Dura\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"5\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-462db08 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Coment\u00e1rios<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t<!-- ROWS -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr data-entry=\"1\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-84c307a\" data-title=\"material cat\u00f3dico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\u00d3xido de Cobalto de L\u00edtio<br>(LiCoO2)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-9e1df98\" data-title=\"Nome curto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">LCO<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-eaac03e\" data-title=\"Tens\u00e3o nominal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3.6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-6c7ad05\" data-title=\"Energia espec\u00edfica Wh\/kg (c\u00e9lula)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">150-200<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-5dff2b8\" data-title=\"Dura\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">500-1000<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-80ecd21\" data-title=\"Coment\u00e1rios\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Dispositivos port\u00e1teis - thermal runaway por sobrecarga<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"2\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-02061ca\" data-title=\"material cat\u00f3dico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\u00d3xido de Mangan\u00eas L\u00edtio (LiMn2O4)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-3a2ec90\" data-title=\"Nome curto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">LMO<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-44a940f\" data-title=\"Tens\u00e3o nominal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3.7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-646b3ed\" data-title=\"Energia espec\u00edfica Wh\/kg (c\u00e9lula)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">100-150<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-203320d\" data-title=\"Dura\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">300-700<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-d29278f\" data-title=\"Coment\u00e1rios\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Ferramentas el\u00e9ctricas, dispositivos m\u00e9dicos - mais seguros do que o LCO<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"3\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-eac0ff8\" data-title=\"material cat\u00f3dico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\u00d3xido de Cobalto de L\u00edtio N\u00edquel Mangan\u00eas (LiNiMnCO2)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-b305366\" data-title=\"Nome curto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">NMC<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-416cea3\" data-title=\"Tens\u00e3o nominal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3.6\/3.7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-11b0f89\" data-title=\"Energia espec\u00edfica Wh\/kg (c\u00e9lula)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">150-220<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-f4d2626\" data-title=\"Dura\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">1000-2000<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-85a0c4c\" data-title=\"Coment\u00e1rios\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">E-bikes, EV, industriais - ciclo de vida alto<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"4\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-f7a9f01\" data-title=\"material cat\u00f3dico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Fosfato de L\u00edtio e Ferro (LiFePO4)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-e367242\" data-title=\"Nome curto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">LFP<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-9730d56\" data-title=\"Tens\u00e3o nominal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-5d864c5\" data-title=\"Energia espec\u00edfica Wh\/kg (c\u00e9lula)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">90-120<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-3be31be\" data-title=\"Dura\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">1000-2000<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-7571842\" data-title=\"Coment\u00e1rios\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">EV, SLI, Lazer - o mais seguro de todos os produtos qu\u00edmicos para baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"5\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-3fa6030\" data-title=\"material cat\u00f3dico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\u00d3xido de alum\u00ednio l\u00edtio\/n\u00edquel-cobalto (LiNiCoAlO2)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-cc7c34f\" data-title=\"Nome curto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">NCA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-4b7b32b\" data-title=\"Tens\u00e3o nominal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3.6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-6cc7f5d\" data-title=\"Energia espec\u00edfica Wh\/kg (c\u00e9lula)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">200-260<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-18d818d\" data-title=\"Dura\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">500<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-34d9ac8\" data-title=\"Coment\u00e1rios\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Industrial, EV powertrain (Tesla) TR a 150C, CL 500<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"6\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-3fcdf41\" data-title=\"material cat\u00f3dico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Titanato de l\u00edtio (Li4Ti5O12)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-e70d81b\" data-title=\"Nome curto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">LTO<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-a9b5fee\" data-title=\"Tens\u00e3o nominal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">2.4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-925db1b\" data-title=\"Energia espec\u00edfica Wh\/kg (c\u00e9lula)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">50-80<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-e595d59\" data-title=\"Dura\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-39a48b4\" data-title=\"Coment\u00e1rios\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">UPS, Solar, EV powertrain (Honda, Mitsubishi). CL 3000-7000 - muito seguro<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-644b76dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"644b76dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como pode ser visto, todos se enquadram na faixa dos ciclos de 800 a 2000. Em compara\u00e7\u00e3o, uma bateria de chumbo \u00e1cido bem concebida pode facilmente alcan\u00e7ar mais de 1600 ciclos a 80% de DOD. Ent\u00e3o como tudo isto se soma quando se considera o custo de propriedade? Isto leva-nos ao pr\u00f3ximo ponto que \u00e9 o pre\u00e7o da bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido. Quanto custa uma bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com uma bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido? Custo da f\u00e1brica de produ\u00e7\u00e3o de baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio? Naturalmente, a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio \u00e9 mais cara, mas quanto mais. Mais uma vez, isto depende do n\u00edvel a ser considerado. Os comunicados de imprensa nos dir\u00e3o que os pre\u00e7os do \u00edon de l\u00edtio est\u00e3o caindo e agora est\u00e3o na faixa de 2 a 3 vezes a do \u00e1cido de chumbo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a8df2db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a8df2db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A s\u00e9rio? Os pre\u00e7os m\u00e9dios em uma pesquisa recente na internet no Reino Unido para obter pre\u00e7os em baterias de lazer comercialmente dispon\u00edveis de 12V e 100 Ah tanto para baterias de \u00edons de l\u00edtio quanto para baterias de chumbo-\u00e1cido:<br>bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio $960 ou $800\/kwh  <br>Bateria de chumbo \u00e1cido $215 ou $180\/kwh  <br>Obviamente, a vida da bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio tem de ser 4 vezes superior \u00e0 da bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido equivalente para obter o mesmo valor. Como j\u00e1 vimos, n\u00e3o \u00e9 este o caso.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6a3a78a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6a3a78a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5fb2422b\" data-id=\"5fb2422b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2dc4639c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2dc4639c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212bc276\" data-id=\"212bc276\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ebc0ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4ebc0ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-5-Schematic-of-cradle-to-gate-principle-for-battery-manufacturing-phzokvbh8s0pmztjuqb5q512qmum8v2s8k493ns266.jpg\" title=\"Figure-5-Schematic-of-cradle-to-gate-principle-for-battery-manufacturing.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-5-Schematic-of-cradle-to-gate-principle-for-battery-manufacturing.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figura 5 Esquema do princ\u00edpio ber\u00e7o a porta para a fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de baterias<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6463b13a\" data-id=\"6463b13a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-544bf932 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"544bf932\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-6-Cradle-to-Gate-CO2-emissions-for-different-battery-chemistries-phzokcipg3az6skuwi6mc9ruuxf9yx05hz2ji4jxmm.jpg\" title=\"Figure-6-Cradle-to-Gate-CO2-emissions-for-different-battery-chemistries.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-6-Cradle-to-Gate-CO2-emissions-for-different-battery-chemistries.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figura 6 Emiss\u00f5es de CO2 de ber\u00e7o a ber\u00e7o para porta para diferentes qu\u00edmicos de bateria<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-929def3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"929def3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66cb9ca\" data-id=\"66cb9ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2332183e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2332183e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em todos os casos, a constru\u00e7\u00e3o da bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido foi a mais econ\u00f3mica, mesmo quando foi instalada uma bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido maior para proporcionar uma melhor aceita\u00e7\u00e3o da carga e uma maior dura\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo. Neste exemplo, a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o foi uma torre de telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es na \u00cdndia. O mesmo princ\u00edpio se aplica \u00e0 maioria das aplica\u00e7\u00f5es e geografias, mais ainda em climas mais frios. A outra concep\u00e7\u00e3o errada \u00e9 que o Li-ion \u00e9 uma tecnologia mais limpa e menos poluente do que o chumbo-\u00e1cido. As emiss\u00f5es do ber\u00e7o ao port\u00e3o para diferentes qu\u00edmicos de bateria s\u00e3o dadas em Figs. 5 e 6.<\/p><p>Esta figura mostra o limite de opera\u00e7\u00f5es para o fabrico de baterias. Desde a extrac\u00e7\u00e3o e transporte de mat\u00e9rias-primas at\u00e9 ao ponto em que as baterias est\u00e3o prontas para serem expedidas, passando por todas as etapas de processamento.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca36259 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca36259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tabela 2 \u00e9 uma situa\u00e7\u00e3o da vida real comparando a economia do uso de bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio e bateria de \u00e1cido de chumbo trabalhando em diferentes per\u00edodos de vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-581e9dd8 uael-header-sticky-no uael-border-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-table\" data-id=\"581e9dd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"uael-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div itemscope class=\"uael-table-wrapper\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Table\">\n\t\t<table id=\"uael-table-id-581e9dd8\" class=\"uael-text-break uael-column-rules uael-table\" data-sort-table=\"no\" data-show-entry=\"no\" data-searchable=\"no\" data-responsive=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"0\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-8927fbd uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Item de custo<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"1\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-3b66551 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"2\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-9591504 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t<!-- ROWS -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr data-entry=\"1\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-3e5d9f4\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3 Anos<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-5a6c28d\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-a9f1899\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"2\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-3b68a57\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Amortiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-8406812\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">8.30<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-0ceb196\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">16.90<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"3\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-bed4f49\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Diesel (entregue)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-1dbc18b\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">15.50<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-ba6b823\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">15.50<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"4\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-671b9dc\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Manuten\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-eb413e2\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">2.46<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-4c12b58\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">2.46<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"5\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-2a587ff\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Electricidade<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-a88eca3\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">1.47<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-357ac36\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">1.47<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"6\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-3d57a4f\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Carregamento da bateria<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-8e87a38\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">0.65<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-2a5fe13\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">0.50<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"7\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-a0c0a9a\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Total dia\/m\u00eas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-ebf54c2\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">28.38\/851<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-c29e091\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">36.83\/1105<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"8\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-4f5d44d\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">6 anos<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"9\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-efde0d6\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Amortiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-fc17e00\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">5.86<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-b285034\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">8.46<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"10\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-acef0ae\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Diesel<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-0c612f9\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">15.50<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-16ebbd6\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">15.50<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"11\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-2f75d42\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Manuten\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-a3bc6f4\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">2.46<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-4b21378\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">2.46<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"12\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-6302c77\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Electricidade<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-4a44bf7\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">1.47<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-87658b5\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">1.47<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"13\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-f7e5a9e\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Carregamento da bateria<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-8e5e09f\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">0.54<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-6ecf1c2\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">0.50<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"14\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-76735fd\" data-title=\"Item de custo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Total dia\/m\u00eas<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-72f97fe\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">25.83\/775<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-d1a8fcc\" data-title=\"Custos di\u00e1rios de funcionamento USD\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">28.39\/852<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e72ca91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e72ca91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estes dados dos Laborat\u00f3rios Nacionais Argonne, mostram que o processo total de fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o, incluindo a extra\u00e7\u00e3o e o transporte de mat\u00e9rias-primas para baterias de \u00edons de l\u00edtio s\u00e3o mais de 4 vezes o valor de \u00e1cido de chumbo. Quanto \u00e0 extrac\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais, o fornecimento de materiais cat\u00f3dicos b\u00e1sicos como o cobalto e o mangan\u00eas e o l\u00edtio n\u00e3o \u00e9 completamente certo. Os processos de extrac\u00e7\u00e3o e recupera\u00e7\u00e3o existem, mas o n\u00famero de minas e locais de fabrico pode limitar a oferta se a procura aumentar significativamente. O mapa geo-pol\u00edtico tamb\u00e9m prev\u00ea incerteza para algumas fontes destes materiais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3567fb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3567fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio s\u00e3o recicl\u00e1veis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63420ff1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63420ff1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A reciclabilidade e seguran\u00e7a destes produtos qu\u00edmicos s\u00e3o factores importantes. Sabe-se que quase todos os componentes das baterias de chumbo-\u00e1cido s\u00e3o 100% reciclados, enquanto n\u00e3o existem processos comerciais de reciclagem de baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio. Esta situa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 compreens\u00edvel quando se considera que os componentes mais caros de Li, Co, Mn etc. s\u00e3o apenas uma pequena frac\u00e7\u00e3o do total da bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio. Por exemplo, o l\u00edtio \u00e9 cerca de 4% do peso total da c\u00e9lula. Acrescente-se a isto o facto \u00f3bvio de o l\u00edtio ser altamente reactivo (a base da sua elevada densidade energ\u00e9tica), o que, compreensivelmente, encarece a sua extrac\u00e7\u00e3o dos res\u00edduos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c04afab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c04afab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O factor adicional de complexidade com muitos materiais diferentes na sua constru\u00e7\u00e3o torna a reciclagem dif\u00edcil, tanto t\u00e9cnica como economicamente. O resultado? N\u00e3o h\u00e1 simplesmente nenhum incentivo comercial para reciclar estas baterias. Por esta raz\u00e3o, as instala\u00e7\u00f5es de reciclagem ainda se encontram na fase piloto e s\u00e3o financiadas, na sua maioria, pelo governo.<br>Atualmente, a grande maioria das baterias de \u00edons de l\u00edtio sucateadas s\u00e3o estocadas \u00e0 espera de um avan\u00e7o tecnol\u00f3gico ou de legisla\u00e7\u00e3o para for\u00e7ar sua reciclagem. Se este \u00faltimo fosse implementado, ent\u00e3o haveria um custo, em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise para o consumo. Isso aumentaria ainda mais o pre\u00e7o da c\u00e9lula de \u00edon-l\u00edtio em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com os tipos de baterias de chumbo-\u00e1cido.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b9afa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2b9afa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pode a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio explodir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4efc71ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4efc71ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Finalmente, temos seguran\u00e7a. Nenhuma aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido do nosso conhecimento jamais teve um recall de seguran\u00e7a, como sabemos ser o caso da bateria de \u00edon-l\u00edtio em dispositivos eletr\u00f4nicos port\u00e1teis e at\u00e9 mesmo em ve\u00edculos el\u00e9tricos. Fig. 7 mostra o que aconteceu a um novo Volvo h\u00edbrido no Reino Unido h\u00e1 apenas algumas semanas, no momento em que este artigo foi escrito. Neste caso, as suas baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio pegaram fogo quando estavam carregadas.  <\/p><p><strong>Inc\u00eandios de bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/strong><\/p><p>Figura 7 Inc\u00eandio causado por uma bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio num ve\u00edculo el\u00e9ctrico h\u00edbrido Volvo: Abril 2018-UK resid\u00eancia<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5f8ac31e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5f8ac31e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-179451c8\" data-id=\"179451c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33040d03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"33040d03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-7-Fire-caused-by-a-Li-ion-battery-in-a-Volvo-hybrid-electric-vehicle-April-2018-UK-residence-pe9r2t26oo7oejtxgvxwrg7085b8tb2vopobcxrt32.jpg\" title=\"Figure-7-Fire-caused-by-a-Li-ion-battery-in-a-Volvo-hybrid-electric-vehicle-April-2018-UK-residence.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-7-Fire-caused-by-a-Li-ion-battery-in-a-Volvo-hybrid-electric-vehicle-April-2018-UK-residence.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Inc\u00eandio de autom\u00f3vel Volvo queimado causado por bateria de l\u00edtio<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b84521\" data-id=\"4b84521\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2a0a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2b2a0a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Firemen-dousing-the-fire-caused-by-a-lithium-battery-pe9r2t26oo7oejtxgvxwrg7085b8tb2vopobcxrt32.jpg\" title=\"Firemen-dousing-the-fire-caused-by-a-lithium-battery.jpg\" alt=\"Firemen-dousing-the-fire-caused-by-a-lithium-battery.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d61b0b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d61b0b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-51e3c6ca\" data-id=\"51e3c6ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-663aac12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"663aac12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/4ZJR2d0Q1y8&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-33e9805e\" data-id=\"33e9805e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb917b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb917b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Este v\u00eddeo mostra um inc\u00eandio muito recente causado por uma bateria de l\u00edtio. Possivelmente devido ao desequil\u00edbrio nas c\u00e9lulas e \u00e0 BMS inadequada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ad0a5b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ad0a5b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-08801a9\" data-id=\"08801a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ef520 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ef520\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mesmo quando as baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio armazenadas ou transportadas t\u00eam sido a causa de inc\u00eandios gravemente perigosos. Embora estas ocasi\u00f5es sejam raras, t\u00eam de ser reconhecidas, e t\u00eam de ser instalados equipamentos de seguran\u00e7a e software de gest\u00e3o de baterias adequados. Os bombeiros de Nova Iorque, por exemplo, ainda est\u00e3o no processo de decidir como combater os inc\u00eandios com baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio. Isto sugere fortemente que as medidas de seguran\u00e7a existentes para as baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio em todo o mundo precisam de ser revistas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94c2bdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94c2bdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A seguir est\u00e1 a vista dos Bombeiros de Nova Iorque:<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Cita\u00e7\u00e3o de artigo de not\u00edcia: AWS Utility Drive 15 de Novembro, 2016 &#8220;O fogo n\u00e3o \u00e9 o maior problema&#8221;, disse Rogers. Os bombeiros s\u00e3o treinados para lidar com os inc\u00eandios, mas eles precisam saber com o que est\u00e3o lidando. As baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio podem libertar \u00e1cidos t\u00f3xicos e vapores inflam\u00e1veis. Alguns desses vapores s\u00e3o consumidos pelo fogo, mas se n\u00e3o forem, podem incendiar-se ou ser um problema para os bombeiros. O maior problema \u00e9 o que acontece &#8220;p\u00f3s-opera\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221;, ou seja, depois que o inc\u00eandio \u00e9 extinto. Mesmo que uma bateria seja desligada, pode reacender-se por at\u00e9 72 horas, disse Rogers. -Lt. Paul Rogers Fire Department of New York&#8217;s hazardous materials operations division&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2e2ed1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2e2ed1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio ou bateria de chumbo \u00e1cido?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8c528 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc8c528\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio tem certamente melhores caracter\u00edsticas de desempenho do que o \u00e1cido de chumbo. No entanto, estas vantagens s\u00e3o severamente reduzidas pelo hardware adicional associado aos requisitos de seguran\u00e7a e gest\u00e3o. O resultado l\u00edquido \u00e9 que as baterias de chumbo-\u00e1cido t\u00eam vantagens distintas, particularmente quando se consideram aplica\u00e7\u00f5es que n\u00e3o s\u00e3o limitadas pelo peso ou aceita\u00e7\u00e3o de carga. O custo inicial mais baixo da f\u00e1brica de baterias de chumbo-\u00e1cido;<span style=\"color: #993300;\">\n  <strong> o baixo pre\u00e7o de compra e o baixo custo de amortiza\u00e7\u00e3o do \u00e1cido chumbo combinado com o seu baixo impacto ambiental e seguran\u00e7a inerente, proporcionam as seguintes vantagens:<\/strong>\n<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f162bd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f162bd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Pre\u00e7o de compra mais baixo. O pre\u00e7o \u00e9 cerca de um quarto do equivalente a um i\u00e3o de l\u00edtio. Os custos operacionais mais baixos para dar um custo total de propriedade mais baixo na maioria das aplica\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/li><li>Reciclabilidade. Quase 100% de todos os materiais das baterias de chumbo \u00e1cido s\u00e3o reciclados. O valor da sucata pode proporcionar uma receita adicional de at\u00e9 20% do custo do material da bateria. As baterias de l\u00edtio n\u00e3o t\u00eam infra-estrutura ou processo comercial para reciclagem<\/li><li>Seguran\u00e7a. A qu\u00edmica do \u00e1cido de chumbo \u00e9 intrinsecamente mais segura do que a da bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4d5870 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e4d5870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Sustentabilidade. Existem muitas fontes bem estabelecidas de abastecimento de chumbo \u00e1cido, particularmente de instala\u00e7\u00f5es de reciclagem. O l\u00edtio e outros materiais cat\u00f3dicos podem ser fornecidos a partir de \u00e1reas politicamente sens\u00edveis. Tanto a atual extra\u00e7\u00e3o global de materiais como a capacidade de fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o suportariam um r\u00e1pido aumento na produ\u00e7\u00e3o de bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio.<\/li><li>Pegada de carbono. A fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de baterias de chumbo-\u00e1cido tem uma pegada de carbono de um ter\u00e7o da pegada das baterias de \u00edons de l\u00edtio.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ff0f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ff0f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Um quadro diferente daquele pintado pelas empresas de baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio. Embora n\u00e3o se possa argumentar que o \u00e1cido de chumbo tem uma desvantagem na densidade de energia, o fato \u00e9 que a bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido ainda \u00e9 uma bateria altamente segura, competitiva e a melhor escolha de tecnologia de bateria em muitas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c54fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c54fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O que \u00e9 a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb9c6f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb9c6f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Materiais cat\u00f3dicos e an\u00f3dicos:<\/strong> Embora as c\u00e9lulas de n\u00edquel-hidreto met\u00e1lico (Ni-MH) tenham sido favorecidas inicialmente nos anos 90, o primeiro produto comercial de baterias recarreg\u00e1veis de \u00edon de l\u00edtio do mundo foi lan\u00e7ado em 1991 pela Sony Corporation. Al\u00e9m do alto conte\u00fado energ\u00e9tico, tanto em massa como em volume, esta bateria tamb\u00e9m ofereceu excelentes caracter\u00edsticas de baixa temperatura, caracter\u00edsticas de carga e caracter\u00edsticas de ciclo. Como resultado, captou rapidamente o mercado e tornou-se uma fonte indispens\u00e1vel de energia para equipamentos de \u00e1udio e v\u00eddeo, computadores pessoais, telefones port\u00e1teis e outros equipamentos port\u00e1teis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb3915b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb3915b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A avan\u00e7ada tecnologia de baterias de hoje come\u00e7ou com a descoberta da alta condutividade i\u00f3nica do NaAl11O17 de fase s\u00f3lida, chamado s\u00f3dio \u03b2-alumina, por Kummer e colegas de trabalho no laborat\u00f3rio da Ford Motor Co.  <em>[1. Olof Ramsrtomstr\u00f6m, sobre o Pr\u00e9mio Nobel da Qu\u00edmica,  <\/em>Antecedentes cient\u00edficos sobre o Pr\u00e9mio Nobel da Qu\u00edmica de 2019; 2.  <em>Y.F.Y. Yao e J.T. Kummer, J. Inorg. Nucl. Qu\u00edmica. 29, 2453 (1967)<\/em><em>].  <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6475d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f6475d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Isto levou \u00e0 constata\u00e7\u00e3o de que o transporte i\u00f4nico em s\u00f3lidos pode na verdade ser muito r\u00e1pido, e que pode levar a uma variedade de novas tecnologias. Pouco tempo depois, pesquisadores da Ford mostraram que se pode usar um eletr\u00f3lito s\u00f3lido altamente condutor para produzir um tipo inteiramente novo de bateria, usando s\u00f3dio fundido no eletrodo negativo e uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o fundida de s\u00f3dio em enxofre como eletrodo positivo, com o eletr\u00f3lito s\u00f3lido condutor de s\u00f3dio entre [N. Weber e J.T. Kummer, Proc. Annual Power Sources Conf. 21, 37 (1967) ].<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83c940f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83c940f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como seria de esperar, logo foi considerada a possibilidade de sistemas de l\u00edtio an\u00e1logos, pois foi reconhecido que uma c\u00e9lula de l\u00edtio equivalente deveria produzir tens\u00f5es mais elevadas do que uma c\u00e9lula de s\u00f3dio. Al\u00e9m disso, o l\u00edtio tem um peso inferior ao do s\u00f3dio, outra vantagem.<\/p><p>O l\u00edtio elementar n\u00e3o podia ser usado, devido ao seu baixo ponto de fus\u00e3o. Em vez disso, foram investigadas ligas de l\u00edtio s\u00f3lidas, principalmente os sistemas Li\/Si e Li\/Al <em>[<\/em><em>R.A. Huggins, J. Power Sources 81-82, 13 (1999)]<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75899d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75899d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Diversos materiais foram investigados como reagentes de eletrodos positivos naquela \u00e9poca, com maior aten\u00e7\u00e3o dada ao uso de FeS ou FeS2. Ap\u00f3s rea\u00e7\u00e3o com l\u00edtio, esses materiais sofrem <em>rea\u00e7\u00f5es de reconstitui\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em>, com o desaparecimento das fases iniciais e a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de novas fases <em>[<\/em><em>D. R. Vissers, Z. Tomczuk e R. K. Steunenberg, J. Electrochem. Soc. 121, 665 (1974)<\/em><em>].<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e59f630 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e59f630\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quando foi inventada a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b0d7b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b0d7b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Whittingham <\/strong>explorou a intercala\u00e7\u00e3o eletroqu\u00edmica em tais materiais e em <strong>1973<\/strong> prop\u00f4s tais materiais como eletrodos em baterias. Este trabalho resultou em uma bateria funcional e recarreg\u00e1vel em <strong>1976<\/strong>. A c\u00e9lula de sucesso foi composta de <strong>l\u00edtio met\u00e1lico como anodo<\/strong> e sulfureto de tit\u00e2nio (TiS2) como c\u00e1todo, com hexafluorofosfato de l\u00edtio<strong>(LiPF6<\/strong>) como electr\u00f3lito em carbonato de propileno (PC) como solvente. Estes estudos promissores inspiraram a <strong>Whittingham <\/strong>a explorar a intercala\u00e7\u00e3o eletroqu\u00edmica em materiais como eletrodos em baterias. Uma bateria funcional e recarreg\u00e1vel foi posteriormente demonstrada em 1976.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2207e88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2207e88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>[(a)Whittingham, M. S. Electrointercalation in Transition-Metal Disulphides. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1974, 328\u2013329.] (com Exxon Research and Engineering Company).<\/em><br><em>(b)Whittingham, M. S. Batterie \u00e0 Base de Chalcog\u00e9nures. Patente belga no. 819672, 1975.<\/em><br><em>(c)Whittingham, M. S. Armazenamento de Energia El\u00e9trica e Qu\u00edmica de Intercala\u00e7\u00e3o. Science 1976, 192 (4244), 1126-1127.  <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96169d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f96169d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mas o sucesso foi de curta dura\u00e7\u00e3o. Em ciclos repetidos, o l\u00edtio met\u00e1lico formou dendritos na superf\u00edcie met\u00e1lica em ciclos, resultando em curto-circuitos.  <br>Este problema deu \u00edmpeto a uma nova busca por solu\u00e7\u00f5es alternativas e uma configura\u00e7\u00e3o de &#8220;c\u00e9lulas de transfer\u00eancia de \u00edons&#8221; (tamb\u00e9m chamada de &#8220;cadeira de balan\u00e7o&#8221;), onde ambos os eletrodos podem acomodar \u00edons foi proposto.  <br>Se um material de eletrodo positivo cont\u00e9m inicialmente l\u00edtio e algum ou todo o l\u00edtio \u00e9 removido durante o primeiro carregamento, a c\u00e9lula desenvolve potencial. Portanto, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel ter materiais de eletrodos positivos que reagem com l\u00edtio em potenciais acima de 3V, se eles j\u00e1 contiverem l\u00edtio, e esse l\u00edtio pode ser extra\u00eddo eletro-quimicamente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-910f446 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"910f446\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quem inventou a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db5e54d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db5e54d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Esta abordagem, envolvendo o uso de materiais em que o l\u00edtio j\u00e1 est\u00e1 presente, foi demonstrada pela primeira vez pelo Prof. Os primeiros exemplos de materiais contendo inicialmente l\u00edtio, e eliminando electroquimicamente o l\u00edtio deles, foram os trabalhos sobre Li1-xCoO2, em 1980.<br>[K. Mizushima, P.C. Jones, P.J. Wiseman e J.B. Goodenough, Mater. Res. Bull. 15, 783 (1980)] e Li1-xNiO2  <br>[J.B. Goodenough, K. Mizushima e T. Takada, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 19 (Suppl. 19-3), 305 (1980)]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63c3a79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63c3a79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em paralelo com o desenvolvimento dos \u00e2nodos, tamb\u00e9m foram procurados melhores materiais cat\u00f3dicos para adquirir um emf de c\u00e9lulas mais elevado em combina\u00e7\u00e3o com \u00e2nodos de maior potencial do que o l\u00edtio met\u00e1lico. Um avan\u00e7o veio em 1979\/1980 quando John B. Goodenough e os seus colegas de trabalho em Oxford<br>University, UK, descobriu que o LixCoO2, outro calcogeneto met\u00e1lico intercalado do tipo MX2, poderia servir como um material cat\u00f3dico.  <br><em>[Goodenough, J. B.; Mizushima, K. Fast Ion Conductors. Patente americana no. 4.357.215, 1982].<\/em><br><em>[Mizushima, K.; Jones, P. C.; Wiseman, P. J.; Goodenough, J. B. LixCoO2 (0&lt;x&lt;-1): Um Novo<\/em><br><em>Material Cat\u00f3dico para Baterias de Alta Densidade Energ\u00e9tica. Mat. Res. Bull. 1980, 15 (6), 783\u2013789].<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-26f7a95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"26f7a95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-391acc53\" data-id=\"391acc53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96b6258 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96b6258\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A estrutura do material era an\u00e1loga \u00e0 de Li<sub>xTiS<\/sub><sub>2<\/sub> com van der Waals entre o di\u00f3xido de cobalto (CoO<sub>2<\/sub>) camadas nas quais os \u00edons de l\u00edtio poderiam ser ligados sem muita expans\u00e3o da malha.  <strong>Bem <\/strong>pensado que quando X em MX<sub>2<\/sub> \u00e9 um pequeno elemento eletronegativo, um processo de absor\u00e7\u00e3o de c\u00e1tions resultante estaria associado a uma grande mudan\u00e7a negativa de energia livre e uma alta tens\u00e3o celular (\u0394G = -nFE). Com um X de oxig\u00e9nio, a situa\u00e7\u00e3o foi considerada especialmente promissora, tamb\u00e9m dado que foram propostos i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio para serem suficientemente m\u00f3veis em matrizes de oxig\u00e9nio fechadas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f97b5f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f97b5f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O racioc\u00ednio provou ser correto e o material CoO2 mostrou um potencial muito alto de ~4 a 5 V em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao Li+\/Li. Os estudos eletroqu\u00edmicos foram realizados neste caso com um eletr\u00f3lito composto de tetrafluoroborato de l\u00edtio (LiBF4) em carbonato de propileno.<br>Esta descoberta permitiu a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais an\u00f3dicos com potenciais mais elevados do que o l\u00edtio met\u00e1lico, promovendo a procura de materiais carbon\u00e1ceos adequados. Considerando a dificuldade de resolver o problema da intercala\u00e7\u00e3o eletroqu\u00edmica da grafite, outras op\u00e7\u00f5es foram investigadas em seu lugar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d3deba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8d3deba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Onde foi inventada a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59fe6855 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59fe6855\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um avan\u00e7o veio em <strong>1985<\/strong> quando um grupo japon\u00eas liderado por <strong>Akira Yoshino<\/strong> (da Asahi Kasei Corporation) descobriu as fibras de carbono produzidas a vapor (VGCF) e mais tarde o <strong>coque de petr\u00f3leo<\/strong> tratado termicamente. Este \u00faltimo material era conhecido por conter uma mistura de dom\u00ednios cristalinos (gr\u00e1ficos) e n\u00e3o cristalinos, e os pesquisadores puderam identificar qualidades particularmente est\u00e1veis, mas de alto desempenho, com graus espec\u00edficos de cristalinidade.<\/p><p><em>[Akira Yoshino, The Birth of Li-Ion Battery, Angewandte Essays, Angew., Chem. Int. Ed., <strong>2012<\/strong>, 51, 5798-5800]<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d26fa7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d26fa7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Com estes materiais an\u00f3dicos eficazes, Yoshino desenvolveu uma bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio eficiente e funcional com base na configura\u00e7\u00e3o da c\u00e9lula de transfer\u00eancia i\u00f3nica. O material carbonoso identificado foi assim utilizado como anodo e o material LixCoO2 da Goodenough (tipicamente contendo pequenas quantidades de estanho) foi utilizado como catodo. Foram utilizadas camadas separadoras compostas de polietileno ou polipropileno e o eletr\u00f3lito foi composto de perclorato de l\u00edtio (LiClO4) em carbonato de propileno (PC).  <br>Yoshino tamb\u00e9m provou a seguran\u00e7a desta bateria em 1986 ao deixar cair um peso sobre a bateria. N\u00e3o ocorreram inc\u00eandios ou explos\u00f5es, enquanto as baterias usando \u00e2nodo de l\u00edtio met\u00e1lico reagiram de forma violenta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d94f1e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d94f1e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e050bbd\" data-id=\"6e050bbd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d53f83e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d53f83e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Yoshinos-first-safety-tests-with-his-Li-ion-battery-in-1986-phzoifwhl6p1n9cj16ius937hsthd0fqwjg3gxdo8u.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Yoshinos-first-safety-tests-with-his-Li-ion-battery-in-1986.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Yoshinos-first-safety-tests-with-his-Li-ion-battery-in-1986.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-790aedef\" data-id=\"790aedef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e84500d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e84500d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 8. Os primeiros testes de seguran\u00e7a do Yoshino com a sua bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio em 1986.<br>A) O momento em que um caro\u00e7o de ferro colide com a bateria<br>B) Prot\u00f3tipo de bateria de \u00edon-l\u00edtio ap\u00f3s colis\u00e3o<br>C) Bateria do \u00e2nodo met\u00e1lico Li ap\u00f3s a colis\u00e3o<br>[Cr\u00e9dito: Akira Yoshino, The Birth of Li-Ion Battery, Angewandte Essays, Angew., Chem. Int. Ed., 2012, 51, 5798-5800 ]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a59c898 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a59c898\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estas descobertas e desenvolvimentos acabaram por levar ao lan\u00e7amento de uma bateria comercial de l\u00edtio<br>em 1991. Com o desenvolvimento posterior, a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio foi comercializada pela Sony em 1991 e por uma empresa conjunta da Asahi Kasei e da Toshiba em 1992.  <br>[Nishi, Y., The Development of Lithium Ion Secondary Batteries. Chem. Rec. 2001, 1, 406-413]<br>A bateria foi baseada em um material an\u00f3dico \u00e0 base de coque de petr\u00f3leo, LixCoO2 como c\u00e1todo, e um eletr\u00f3lito livre de \u00e1gua composto de hexafluorofosfato de l\u00edtio (LiPF6) em carbonato de propileno (PC). A tens\u00e3o de carga era alta (at\u00e9 4,1 V), com uma energia espec\u00edfica registrada de ~80 Wh\/kg e densidade de energia de ~200 Wh\/litro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d53b100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d53b100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Comparada com outras baterias que estavam no mercado na altura, a bateria de l\u00edtio rapidamente se tornou muito competitiva e essencialmente abriu o caminho para a revolu\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00f3vel que se aproximava.<br>Ao mesmo tempo, verificou-se que a grafite podia ser realmente utilizada em combina\u00e7\u00e3o com uma composi\u00e7\u00e3o electrol\u00edtica adequada. [Fong R, Sacken U von, Dahn J. R., Studies of Lithium Intercalation into Carbons Using Nonaqueous Electrochemical Cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1990, 137 (7), 2009-2013].<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e6592b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e6592b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utilizando solventes contendo carbonato de etileno, at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o geralmente desconsiderados devido ao seu maior ponto de fus\u00e3o, formou-se uma interfase s\u00f3lida do eletr\u00f3lito (SEI) na superf\u00edcie do eletrodo de grafite durante o ciclo de carga\/descarga, protegendo assim o material de carbono da esfolia\u00e7\u00e3o e posterior decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o. [Peled, E. The Electrochemical Behaviour of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals in Nonaqueous Battery Systems, The Solid Electrolyte Interphase Model. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1979, 126 (12), 2047\u20132051.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18303168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18303168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Esta descoberta foi rapidamente adotada pela comunidade de baterias, e uma bateria de \u00edon-l\u00edtio de pr\u00f3xima gera\u00e7\u00e3o baseada em grafite, \u00e0 medida que o material do \u00e2nodo era desenvolvido. Com este material an\u00f3dico, as baterias com tens\u00f5es de carga de 4,2 V foram produzidas pouco depois, resultando na densidade de energia de ~400 Wh\/litro.<br>O desenvolvimento da bateria de l\u00edtio-\u00edon n\u00e3o parou com estas importantes descobertas, mas muitas melhorias e alternativas foram relatadas desde ent\u00e3o. Por exemplo, novos materiais cat\u00f3dicos t\u00eam sido continuamente identificados para uso em aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de baterias espec\u00edficas, e dois desses materiais tiveram origem no grupo da Goodenough: o material espin\u00e9lico Li1-xMn2O4 e o material olivino LixFePO4 (LFP).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35755e08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35755e08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>[Padhi, A. K.; Nanjundaswami, K. S.; Goodenough, J. B. Phospho-Olivines as Positive-Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997, 144, 1188-1194.<\/em><br><em>Thackeray, M. M.; David, W. I. F.; Bruce, P. G.; Goodenough, J. B. Inser\u00e7\u00e3o de L\u00edtio em Espin\u00e9lulas de Mangan\u00eas. Mater. Res. Bull. 1983, 18, 461\u2013472].<\/em><br>Este \u00faltimo material \u00e9 limitado por um potencial um pouco menor em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao Li+\/Li do que o LixCoO2, mas tem alta estabilidade e pode ser usado com taxas de carga elevadas. V\u00e1rios outros materiais de eletrodos e sistemas de eletr\u00f3litos tamb\u00e9m foram descobertos, levando a materiais de armazenamento de energia sempre melhorados para o benef\u00edcio da sociedade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-150dda7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"150dda7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bba3123\" data-id=\"bba3123\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c1adf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"51c1adf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Que tipo de bateria \u00e9 utilizada em ve\u00edculos el\u00e9ctricos?\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bd686e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4bd686e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hoje em dia, a maioria dos EV usa baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio. Anteriormente, foram usadas baterias de Ni-MH e chumbo-\u00e1cido, mas o seu uso diminuiu lentamente devido ao advento das baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio, que possuem maiores valores de energia espec\u00edfica e maior densidade de energia. A energia espec\u00edfica das baterias de chumbo \u00e1cido \u00e9 de cerca de 40-50 Wh\/kg enquanto a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio tem cerca de 150 Wh\/kg. O valor da densidade de energia para baterias de chumbo-\u00e1cido \u00e9 de 80-100 Wh\/litro enquanto a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio tem mais de 250 Wh\/litro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02ecfa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02ecfa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As c\u00e9lulas cil\u00edndricas com catodos de n\u00edquel-cobalto-alum\u00ednio (NCA) e \u00e2nodos compostos de sil\u00edcio\/grafite, como os utilizados nos \u00faltimos pacotes de baterias Tesla (2019-2020), atingiram aproximadamente 270 Wh\/kg e 650 Wh\/litro. Uma nova tecnologia chamada Licerion by Sion Power reivindica 500 Wh\/kg de energia espec\u00edfica e 1000 Wh\/L de densidade energ\u00e9tica e &gt;450 ciclos em c\u00e9lulas de desenvolvimento de 0,4 Ah.<br>Para pilhas pequenas, falamos em termos de Wh. Para sistemas de maior capacidade, \u00e9 utilizada a unidade de kWh. O valor de Wh dividido por 103 dar\u00e1 o kWh.<br>Assim 850 Wh = 850\/1000 = 0,850 kWh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e89abfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e89abfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As c\u00e9lulas utilizadas na <a href=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/produtos-de-pilhas\/ev-battery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bateria EV<\/a> actual podem atingir uma energia nominal espec\u00edfica de 140 -170 Wh\/kg. A energia espec\u00edfica da bateria resultante \u00e9 tipicamente 30 a 40 por cento mais baixa, ou 80 -120 Wh\/kg. A redu\u00e7\u00e3o deve-se a v\u00e1rias s\u00e9ries e fios de liga\u00e7\u00e3o paralelos, BMS e sistema de gest\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica (refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o ou aquecimento). Em 2019, a percentagem de componentes n\u00e3o celulares desceu para cerca de 28 %.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33b375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33b375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>At\u00e9 agora, as c\u00e9lulas eram primeiro colocadas em m\u00f3dulos e depois colocadas em pacotes. Ambos  <em>Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited, China  <\/em><em>(<\/em><em>CATL)<\/em> e Tesla decidiram que querem se livrar dos m\u00f3dulos e colocar as c\u00e9lulas em pacotes diretamente. CATL j\u00e1 o fez e chama-lhe <strong>\n  <u>tecnologia de c\u00e9lula a embalagem<\/u>\n<\/strong>. Embora a informa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre isto seja escassa, a empresa afirma que isto pode aumentar a energia espec\u00edfica em 10-15% e melhorar a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do volume em 15-20%. No total, pode alegadamente reduzir em 40% as pe\u00e7as necess\u00e1rias para os pacotes de baterias. [https :\/\/cleantechnica.com\/2020\/02\/18\/how-catl-lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries-could-be-leading-to-100-kwh-tesla-model-3\/]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcb62c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fcb62c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designa\u00e7\u00e3o da Bateria de Lithium<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85b472a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85b472a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Comiss\u00e3o Electrot\u00e9cnica Internacional (IEC) e a Indian Standards Institution estabeleceram uma designa\u00e7\u00e3o comum para descrever a qu\u00edmica e o tamanho das c\u00e9lulas de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio.<\/p><p> <em>[Pilhas e baterias de l\u00edtio secund\u00e1rio para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es port\u00e1teis, <\/em>Comiss\u00e3o Electrot\u00e9cnica Internacional, IEC 61960-1 e IEC 61960-2 e <strong>IS 16047: 2012<\/strong>].<\/p><p>As letras designam a qu\u00edmica e o fator de forma, enquanto os n\u00fameros especificam as dimens\u00f5es f\u00edsicas da c\u00e9lula. A primeira letra descreve a qu\u00edmica geral, a segunda letra designa a qu\u00edmica cat\u00f3dica espec\u00edfica e a terceira letra designa a forma.<\/p><p>Primeira carta: I &#8211; Qu\u00edmica de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/p><p>Segunda carta: C &#8211; cobalto, F &#8211; ferro, Fp &#8211; fosfato de ferro, N &#8211; n\u00edquel, M &#8211; mangan\u00eas, Mp &#8211; fosfato de mangan\u00eas, T &#8211; tit\u00e2nio, V -van\u00e1dio e x &#8211; outros.<\/p><p>Terceira carta: R- cil\u00edndrico, P-prism\u00e1tico<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ab503 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ab503\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os dois primeiros n\u00fameros que se seguem designam o di\u00e2metro em mm e os tr\u00eas \u00faltimos designam a altura em d\u00e9cimos de mm. Assim, uma c\u00e9lula designada ICR19\/66 \u00e9 uma c\u00e9lula de \u00edon l\u00edtio com um c\u00e1todo de cobalto que tem um di\u00e2metro que \u00e9 &gt; 18 mm e \u2264 19 mm e uma altura total m\u00e1xima que \u00e9 &gt; 65 mm e \u2264 66 mm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b70fdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b70fdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Para as c\u00e9lulas prism\u00e1ticas as letras iniciais t\u00eam o mesmo significado mas os dois primeiros n\u00fameros designam a largura em mm, os dois n\u00fameros seguintes s\u00e3o a altura em mm e os dois \u00faltimos n\u00fameros s\u00e3o o comprimento em mm. Assim, uma designa\u00e7\u00e3o celular IMP9\/35\/150 descreve uma c\u00e9lula de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio prism\u00e1ticos com uma c\u00e9lula cat\u00f3dica de mangan\u00eas cuja espessura m\u00e1xima \u00e9  &gt;  8 mm e \u2264 9 mm e uma largura m\u00e1xima que \u00e9  &gt;  34 mm e \u2264 35 mm e uma altura total m\u00e1xima que \u00e9  &gt;  149 mm e \u2264 150 mm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-86c46a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"86c46a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7949b81e\" data-id=\"7949b81e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10cb25a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"10cb25a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Como funciona uma bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189a7d7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"189a7d7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">como \u00e9 feita a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f1d7601 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f1d7601\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Metal l\u00edtio com n\u00famero at\u00f4mico 3, densidade de 0,534 g\/cc, com potencial de redu\u00e7\u00e3o padr\u00e3o muito baixo (casal Li+\/Li -3,05 V vs. SSMA) e capacidade espec\u00edfica te\u00f3rica de 3860 Ah\/kg (2061 mAh\/cc) \u00e9 o peso mais leve, maior tens\u00e3o e maior densidade de energia de todos os metais. (Compare com chumbo de n\u00famero at\u00f4mico 82, densidade 11,29 g\/cc, capacidade espec\u00edfica te\u00f3rica de 257,8 Ah\/kg e potencial de redu\u00e7\u00e3o padr\u00e3o de -0,35V vs. SSMA).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5db413 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c5db413\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio - Materiais ativos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6c533c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f6c533c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os materiais ativos do eletrodo positivo s\u00e3o qualquer um dos \u00f3xidos mistos como LiCoO2 ou LiMnO2 ou LiFePO4. O eletrodo negativo \u00e9 principalmente grafite e compostos de carbono amorfo. \u00c9 utilizado um electr\u00f3lito org\u00e2nico (contendo um sal condutor de l\u00edtio dissociado, como o LIPF6). \u00c9 utilizado um polipropileno (PP) ou polietileno (PE) ou um separador misto. Os \u00edons de l\u00edtio migram entre os eletrodos das baterias de \u00edons de l\u00edtio durante o carregamento e a descarga e s\u00e3o intercalados nos materiais ativos, conforme descrito abaixo:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4438c2bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4438c2bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ea49340\" data-id=\"1ea49340\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cfc4108 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2cfc4108\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-1.-An-exploded-view-of-a-Li-ion-cell-phzohy1jzc0lio2gxgsxyvlg7h9iargui31vco45j2.jpg\" title=\"Figure-1.-An-exploded-view-of-a-Li-ion-cell.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-1.-An-exploded-view-of-a-Li-ion-cell.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6a7c72ad\" data-id=\"6a7c72ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7867a3f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7867a3f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 9. Uma vista explodida de uma c\u00e9lula de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/p><p><em>Cr\u00e9dito: Zhang Z., Ramadass P. (2012) Lithium-Ion Battery Systems and Technology. Para dentro: Meyers R.A. (eds) Encyclopaedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, Nova Iorque, NY, pp. 6124.<\/em>  http s:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-0851-3_663<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5edf84c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5edf84c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Como a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio carrega<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-749444d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"749444d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Durante um <strong>processo de descarga<\/strong> em uma c\u00e9lula de \u00edons de l\u00edtio (LIB), os <strong>\u00edons de l\u00edtio do \u00e2nodo s\u00e3o desintercalados (ou extra\u00eddos) para o eletr\u00f3lito<\/strong> e esses <strong>\u00edons de l\u00edtio do eletr\u00f3lito s\u00e3o intercalados no<\/strong> material <strong>cat\u00f3dico<\/strong>. Este movimento dos \u00edons de \u00e2nodo para c\u00e1todo \u00e9 acompanhado pela libera\u00e7\u00e3o de el\u00e9trons que flui no circuito externo. O processo inverso ocorre durante o <strong>processo de carga<\/strong> onde <strong>os \u00edons de l\u00edtio se movem do c\u00e1todo e se intercalam no \u00e2nodo atrav\u00e9s do eletr\u00f3lito<\/strong>. Os LIBs comerciais normalmente usam \u00f3xidos met\u00e1licos de transi\u00e7\u00e3o como LiCoO2, LiMn2O4 e LiFePO4 como material cat\u00f3dico, que \u00e9 revestido sobre um coletor de corrente de alum\u00ednio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7edb3c8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7edb3c8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dez a vinte por cento do carbono condutivo e 5 a 10 dos ligantes polim\u00e9ricos como difluoreto de polivinilideno (PVDF) e politetrafluoroetileno (PTFE) tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o adicionados juntamente com material ativo para melhorar a condutividade eletr\u00f4nica e conseguir melhor ader\u00eancia do material do eletrodo, respectivamente. O material do \u00e2nodo \u00e9 revestido sobre um coletor de corrente de cobre com carbono condutor e PVDF, se necess\u00e1rio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e3c5cae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e3c5cae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os dois eletrodos s\u00e3o separados por um separador poroso (pel\u00edcula de polietileno ou polipropileno de espessura 10-20 \u00b5m) embebido em uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o eletrol\u00edtica (LiPF6 em um solvente org\u00e2nico). Tanto o separador como a solu\u00e7\u00e3o electrol\u00edtica devem ter uma melhor condutividade i\u00f3nica. A c\u00e9lula \u00e9 normalmente fabricada num inv\u00f3lucro met\u00e1lico em forma de gelatina com um separador por imers\u00e3o de electr\u00f3litos entre os dois el\u00e9ctrodos. Um esquema de uma LIB \u00e9 mostrado nas figuras, onde s\u00e3o mostrados os processos t\u00edpicos de carga e descarga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357327e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357327e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As baterias recarreg\u00e1veis de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio (Li-ion) empregam uma inser\u00e7\u00e3o\/extra\u00e7\u00e3o revers\u00edvel de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio (Li+) (esp\u00e9cies hospedeiras) para ou a partir de uma matriz hospedeira (materiais activos de el\u00e9ctrodos positivos e negativos) chamada compostos de inser\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00edtio quando os processos de descarga e carga ocorrem. As baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio t\u00eam sido referidas como baterias de cadeira de balan\u00e7o porque os i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio &#8220;balan\u00e7am&#8221; entre os el\u00e9ctrodos positivo e negativo \u00e0 medida que a c\u00e9lula \u00e9 carregada e descarregada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-399cbcb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"399cbcb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <strong>material activo positivo<\/strong> \u00e9 tipicamente um \u00f3xido met\u00e1lico com uma estrutura em camadas, como o <strong>\u00f3xido de l\u00edtio cobalto<\/strong> (LiCoO2), ou um material com uma estrutura em t\u00fanel, como o <strong>\u00f3xido de l\u00edtio mangan\u00eas (LiMn2O4)<\/strong>, na sua maioria num colector de corrente de alum\u00ednio. O <strong>material ativo negativo<\/strong> \u00e9 tipicamente um <strong>carbono grafico<\/strong>, tamb\u00e9m um material estratificado, a maioria em um coletor de corrente de cobre. No processo de carga-descarga, os \u00edons de l\u00edtio s\u00e3o inseridos ou extra\u00eddos do espa\u00e7o intersticial entre as camadas at\u00f4micas dos materiais ativos.<\/p><p>Eletrol\u00edticos n\u00e3o aquosos ou eletr\u00f3litos org\u00e2nicos s\u00e3o usados em c\u00e9lulas de l\u00edtio.<\/p><p>Os separadores para baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio s\u00e3o filmes poliolef\u00ednicos microporosos de polietileno (PE) e polipropileno (PP).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-20060c3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"20060c3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfac628\" data-id=\"dfac628\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41f81efa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"41f81efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Figure-xx.-Discharge-mechanism-in-a-Li-ion-cell.jpg\" title=\"Figura-xx.-Mecanismo de descarga em uma c\u00e9lula de \u00edon-l\u00edtio.jpg\" alt=\"Figura-xx.-Mecanismo de descarga em uma c\u00e9lula de \u00edon-l\u00edtio.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 10. Mecanismo de descarga em uma c\u00e9lula de \u00edons de l\u00edtio (Figura de P G Balakrishnan)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-147e88bf\" data-id=\"147e88bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e59a08c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3e59a08c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Charge-mechanism-in-a-Li-ion-cell-pe9r5zqhugknqz7cv9ie7n98p5m0wdq4sh9jwp1rzy.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Charge-mechanism-in-a-Li-ion-cell.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Charge-mechanism-in-a-Li-ion-cell.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b34e353 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b34e353\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-58724913\" data-id=\"58724913\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4be0f098 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4be0f098\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rea\u00e7\u00f5es eletroqu\u00edmicas das c\u00e9lulas em bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e33836 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75e33836\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em uma c\u00e9lula t\u00edpica de \u00edons de l\u00edtio, ocorrem as seguintes rea\u00e7\u00f5es gen\u00e9ricas.<\/p><p>Reac\u00e7\u00e3o positiva do el\u00e9ctrodo:<\/p><p>  LiMO2 \u21d4 Li1-xMO2 + x Li+ + x<sup> e-<\/sup><\/p><p>Reac\u00e7\u00e3o de el\u00e9ctrodo negativa:<\/p><p>  C + y Li+ + ye- \u21d4 LiyC<\/p><p><strong>Reac\u00e7\u00e3o celular total:<\/strong><\/p><p>LiMO2 + x\/y C \u21d4 x\/y LiyC + Li1-xMO2<\/p><p>M = metais como Co, Mn, Ni, Ti, etc.<\/p><p>Normalmente x \u00e9 cerca de 0,5 e y \u00e9 cerca de 0,16, portanto x\/y \u00e9 cerca de 3<em>. [<\/em><em>Jeff Dahn e Grant M. Ehrlich. &#8220;Lithium ion batteries&#8221;, Linden&#8217;s Handbook of Batteries,<sup>4\u00aa<\/sup> edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Thomas B. Reddy (Ed.), McGraw  <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72543e38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72543e38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Electr\u00f3lito e Electr\u00f3lito S\u00f3lido Interf\u00e1sico (SEI)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f40b9b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f40b9b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como mencionado anteriormente, electr\u00f3litos n\u00e3o aquosos ou electr\u00f3litos org\u00e2nicos s\u00e3o utilizados em c\u00e9lulas de l\u00edtio. As c\u00e9lulas Li operam com tens\u00f5es comparativamente mais elevadas, at\u00e9 4,2 V por c\u00e9lula. Embora sais volumosos de l\u00edtio como o hexafluorofosfato de l\u00edtio (LiPF6), arseniato de l\u00edtio hexafluoro (LiAsF6), tetrafluoroborato de l\u00edtio (LiBF4), perclorato de l\u00edtio (LiClO4), trifluorometanossulfonato de l\u00edtio (LiCF3SO3), difluoro(oxalato)borato de l\u00edtio (LIODFB), etc. Os electr\u00f3litos reais (que sustentam os sais electrol\u00edticos), s\u00e3o os que necessitam de solventes adequados est\u00e1veis a uma tens\u00e3o t\u00e3o elevada. A maioria desses solventes tem altas constantes diel\u00e9tricas, facilitando a dissocia\u00e7\u00e3o i\u00f4nica e a exist\u00eancia de \u00edons de l\u00edtio altamente concentrados. Tais solventes tamb\u00e9m servem como bainhas de solv\u00eancia para a exist\u00eancia est\u00e1vel dos \u00edons Li, diminuindo assim a influ\u00eancia dos \u00e2nions contr\u00e1rios.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cdc4f0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6cdc4f0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A desvantagem de ter constantes diel\u00e9tricas altas \u00e9 que elas t\u00eam valores de <strong>viscosidade mais altos<\/strong> que resultam em <strong>mobilidade prejudicada<\/strong> dos \u00edons. Para superar a baixa condutividade i\u00f3nica, <strong>os solventes de baixa viscosidade<\/strong> s\u00e3o normalmente misturados com solventes de alta viscosidade. Mas, como os <strong>solventes de baixa viscosidade t\u00eam uma menor dissocia\u00e7\u00e3o i\u00f4nica<\/strong>, torna-se imperativo atingir uma \u00f3tima propor\u00e7\u00e3o de mistura para que a mistura tenha boa condutividade i\u00f4nica e boa mobilidade. Como solventes n\u00e3o aquosos, misturas de carbonato de etileno (EC) com carbonatos de alquilo lineares menos viscosos como o carbonato dimet\u00edlico (DMC), o carbonato diet\u00edlico (DEC) e o carbonato etil met\u00edlico (EMC) s\u00e3o utilizados em LIBs dispon\u00edveis comercialmente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b01453c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b01453c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os solventes aprox. s\u00e3o \u00e9teres, \u00e9steres e carbonatos alqu\u00edlicos: S\u00e3o \u00e9ter diet\u00edlico (DEE), tetrahidrofurano (THF), dioxolano, carbonato de etileno (EC), carbonato de propileno (PC), carbonato de dimetilo (DMC), carbonato de dietilo (DEC), metil carbonato de etilo (CEM), metilformamida, \u03b3-butyrolactone (BL), acetato de metilo, acetonitrilo (AN), sulf\u00f3xido de dimetilo (DMSO), dimetilformamida (DMF), cloreto de metilo, nitrometano, etc.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e3a2646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e3a2646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Electr\u00f3litos l\u00edquidos s\u00e3o solu\u00e7\u00f5es de um sal de l\u00edtio em um ou mais solventes org\u00e2nicos, tipicamente carbonatos.<\/p><p>O carbonato de propileno (PC) n\u00e3o pode ser usado como eletr\u00f3lito se a grafite for usada como anodo, pois o primeiro se decomp\u00f5e na superf\u00edcie da grafite; PC usado sozinho, sem CE ou pequenas adi\u00e7\u00f5es de LiBOB) Li bisoxalato de borato), pode causar degrada\u00e7\u00e3o nos eletrodos de grafite, pois co-intercala com o l\u00edtio, resultando em esfolia\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>O eletr\u00f3lito \u00e9 invariante (o mesmo n\u00famero de \u00edons que entram e saem do eletr\u00f3lito durante a carga e<\/p><p>descarga). O sal eletrol\u00edtico \u00e9 normalmente dissolvido em solventes carbonatados org\u00e2nicos. Cada fabricante tem uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o diferente de solventes com carbonato de etileno (EC), sendo um denominador comum para a maioria dos<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f17c2eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f17c2eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A forma\u00e7\u00e3o da camada interf\u00e1sica de electr\u00f3litos s\u00f3lidos (SEI) \u00e9 outra fun\u00e7\u00e3o importante desempenhada pelos electr\u00f3litos. Quando um metal alcalino \u00e9 imerso em um eletr\u00f3lito de bateria, ou quando um potencial negativo \u00e9 aplicado a um carbono ou a um eletrodo inerte imerso no eletr\u00f3lito, um SEI come\u00e7a a se formar.<\/p><p>A camada SEI formada instantaneamente ao contato do metal com a solu\u00e7\u00e3o, consiste em produtos de redu\u00e7\u00e3o insol\u00faveis e parcialmente sol\u00faveis de componentes eletrol\u00edticos. SEI \u00e9 o fator chave que determina a seguran\u00e7a, capacidade de energia, morfologia dos dep\u00f3sitos de l\u00edtio, vida \u00fatil e dura\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo da bateria. A boa ader\u00eancia ao \u00e2nodo tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 importante.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fdcd264 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fdcd264\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como enfatizado acima, as pr\u00e1ticas pilhas alcalinas prim\u00e1rias ou secund\u00e1rias ou alcalinas s\u00f3 podem ser constru\u00eddas se a dissolu\u00e7\u00e3o ou corros\u00e3o do \u00e2nodo puder ser interrompida. Portanto, o eletr\u00f3lito deve ser projetado para conter pelo menos um precursor SEI que reage rapidamente com o l\u00edtio (ou com o \u00e2nodo \u00e1lcali-metal) para formar uma interfase insol\u00favel s\u00f3lido-eletr\u00f3lito. Os produtos da redu\u00e7\u00e3o de ani\u00f5es salinos s\u00e3o tipicamente compostos inorg\u00e2nicos como LiF, LiCl e Li2O, que precipitam na superf\u00edcie do el\u00e9ctrodo. A redu\u00e7\u00e3o do solvente \u00e9 seguida da forma\u00e7\u00e3o de componentes insol\u00faveis do SEI como o Li2CO3 e de semi-carbonatos e pol\u00edmeros parcialmente sol\u00faveis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e551394 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e551394\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No caso do el\u00e9ctrodo de carbono, a tens\u00e3o de forma\u00e7\u00e3o do SEI depende do tipo de carbono, das propriedades catal\u00edticas da sua superf\u00edcie (teor de cinzas, tipo de plano cristalogr\u00e1fico, rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre o plano basal e o plano da borda), da temperatura, concentra\u00e7\u00e3o e tipos de solventes, sais e impurezas, e da densidade da corrente. Na primeira carga de uma bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio, h\u00e1 uma perda de capacidade chamada &#8220;perda irrevers\u00edvel de capacidade&#8221; (QIR), principalmente necess\u00e1ria para a forma\u00e7\u00e3o do SEI.<\/p><p>Al\u00e9m da forma\u00e7\u00e3o do SEI, o QIR pode ser causado pela perda de capacidade associada \u00e0 forma\u00e7\u00e3o de produtos de redu\u00e7\u00e3o sol\u00favel (QSP).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b06fd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29b06fd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O SEI sem contamina\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 essencial para a longa dura\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo da bateria. Torna-se ainda mais importante durante a ciclagem a taxas elevadas e a uma maior profundidade de descarga.  <br>O SEI em solu\u00e7\u00f5es de hexafluorofosfato de l\u00edtio (LiPF6) e hexafluoroarsenato de l\u00edtio (LiAsF6) tem uma maior resistividade em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com solu\u00e7\u00f5es de outros sais. Isto \u00e9 devido a mudan\u00e7as de resistividade que contribuem para a resist\u00eancia controlada pelas esp\u00e9cies que levam \u00e0 alta imped\u00e2ncia interfacial do \u00e2nodo de l\u00edtio nos eletr\u00f3litos LiPF6 e LiAsF6. Al\u00e9m disso, Li2CO3 \u00e9 declarado como um dos melhores agentes passivantes para o aumento da efici\u00eancia da ciclagem do l\u00edtio [J Electrochem Soc.,164 (7) A1703-A1719 (2017)].<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e94e85e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e94e85e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Separadores para baterias de l\u00edtio-\u00edon  <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed6f117 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed6f117\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os separadores para baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio s\u00e3o filmes microporosos de poliolefinas e s\u00e3o geralmente polietileno (PE) e polipropileno (PP), PE biaxialmente estirado ou PP\/PE\/PP multiaxialmente estirado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17dcbf81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17dcbf81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mat\u00e9rias-primas para os materiais activos em bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b94ee88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b94ee88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio utilizam diferentes materiais cat\u00f3dicos. O \u00e2nodo \u00e9 invariavelmente \u00e0 base de carbono, excepto alguns como \u00e2nodos de \u00f3xido de tit\u00e2nio-ni\u00f3bio, liga de Li-Si, etc. A seguinte tabela e figura d\u00e3o algumas id\u00e9ias sobre os diferentes produtos qu\u00edmicos empregados nestas baterias.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-679b2c04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"679b2c04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-51d7deb1\" data-id=\"51d7deb1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44fe5d4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"44fe5d4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-A-summary-of-some-present-and-future-electrode-chemistry-options-for-Li-ion-batteries-pe9r6rxnjhn9fa2ealp7ag52ipr1bau2wcu4azvyta.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-A-summary-of-some-present-and-future-electrode-chemistry-options-for-Li-ion-batteries.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-A-summary-of-some-present-and-future-electrode-chemistry-options-for-Li-ion-batteries.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2e441586\" data-id=\"2e441586\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13d31883 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13d31883\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 12. Um resumo de algumas op\u00e7\u00f5es atuais e futuras da qu\u00edmica de eletrodos para baterias de \u00edons de l\u00edtio. A capacidade proposta do Li(Si) \u00e9 de 50% da capacidade te\u00f3rica do material, semelhante ao caso encontrado para parte do material do eletrodo positivo<\/p><p><em>Cr\u00e9dito: Yu Miao, Patrick Hynan, Annette von Jouanne, e Alexandre Yokochi, Energies 2019, 12, 1074; doi:10.3390\/en12061074]<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f825a80 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f825a80\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6dd14009\" data-id=\"6dd14009\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16912f79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16912f79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tabela 1.<\/p><p><strong>Caracter\u00edsticas das c\u00e9lulas de \u00edons de l\u00edtio com diferentes materiais cat\u00f3dicos<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f96a32d uael-header-sticky-no uael-border-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-table\" data-id=\"4f96a32d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"uael-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div itemscope class=\"uael-table-wrapper\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Table\">\n\t\t<table id=\"uael-table-id-4f96a32d\" class=\"uael-text-break uael-column-rules uael-table\" data-sort-table=\"no\" data-show-entry=\"no\" data-searchable=\"no\" data-responsive=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"0\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-f2b92af uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Material Cat\u00f3dico<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"1\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-82b2f16 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Li-Ni-Co-Al (NCA)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"2\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-3a05849 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Li-Ni-Mn-Co (NMC)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"3\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-fb7ef46 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Li-MnO2 (LMO)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"4\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-aedfed9 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Fosfato de Li-Iron (LFP)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"5\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-aad75df uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Li Titanate (LTO)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"6\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-34ebf06 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\u00d3xido de Cobalto Li (LCO)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t<!-- ROWS -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr data-entry=\"1\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-3f44ae9\" data-title=\"Material Cat\u00f3dico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Tens\u00e3o Nominal de uma c\u00e9lula (V)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-de398b5\" data-title=\"Li-Ni-Co-Al (NCA)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3.6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-656db90\" data-title=\"Li-Ni-Mn-Co (NMC)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3.65 (2.7-4.2)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-3b0b134\" data-title=\"Li-MnO2 (LMO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3.8<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-01dc001\" data-title=\"Fosfato de Li-Iron (LFP)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3.25 (2-3.6)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-1e92144\" data-title=\"Li Titanate (LTO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-74bd9ad\" data-title=\"\u00d3xido de Cobalto Li (LCO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">3.6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"2\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-4e108c4\" data-title=\"Material Cat\u00f3dico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Energia Te\u00f3rica Espec\u00edfica (Wh\/kg)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-4b55101\" data-title=\"Li-Ni-Co-Al (NCA)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">279<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-a6743b4\" data-title=\"Li-Ni-Mn-Co (NMC)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">256<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-1505b6f\" data-title=\"Li-MnO2 (LMO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">148<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-4d99da5\" data-title=\"Fosfato de Li-Iron (LFP)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">128 (373)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-0b390ea\" data-title=\"Li Titanate (LTO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">293 (175)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-b7c8f5e\" data-title=\"\u00d3xido de Cobalto Li (LCO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">274 (370) (x=0.5)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"3\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-5ba5945\" data-title=\"Material Cat\u00f3dico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Capacidade espec\u00edfica para c\u00e1todos (Ah\/Kg) Potencial vs Li\/Li+ (V)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-59b22fa\" data-title=\"Li-Ni-Co-Al (NCA)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">180-200 (3.8)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-df9aedb\" data-title=\"Li-Ni-Mn-Co (NMC)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">200<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-747ff39\" data-title=\"Li-MnO2 (LMO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">148 (4.1)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-eb62205\" data-title=\"Fosfato de Li-Iron (LFP)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">150-170 (3.45)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-86f3143\" data-title=\"Li Titanate (LTO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">175<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-d391cd7\" data-title=\"\u00d3xido de Cobalto Li (LCO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">274 (3.9) (x=0.5)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"4\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-552868e\" data-title=\"Material Cat\u00f3dico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Energia espec\u00edfica para c\u00e1todos (Wh\/Kg)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-149cf16\" data-title=\"Li-Ni-Co-Al (NCA)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">680-760<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-61cd0c4\" data-title=\"Li-Ni-Mn-Co (NMC)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">610-680<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-b398c38\" data-title=\"Li-MnO2 (LMO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">410-492 548<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-659f3d6\" data-title=\"Fosfato de Li-Iron (LFP)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">518-587 544<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-337c93c\" data-title=\"Li Titanate (LTO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">--<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-42e37c2\" data-title=\"\u00d3xido de Cobalto Li (LCO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">546<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"5\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-51acead\" data-title=\"Material Cat\u00f3dico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Seguran\u00e7a<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-9b487f6\" data-title=\"Li-Ni-Co-Al (NCA)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">cofre<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-c0b48c1\" data-title=\"Li-Ni-Mn-Co (NMC)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Moderado<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-e8c3556\" data-title=\"Li-MnO2 (LMO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Cofre<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-f91c497\" data-title=\"Fosfato de Li-Iron (LFP)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Alto<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-0ca3bfc\" data-title=\"Li Titanate (LTO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Muito Bom<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-93e772c\" data-title=\"\u00d3xido de Cobalto Li (LCO)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Moderado<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78882338 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"78882338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Materiais cat\u00f3dicos em bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-154a45c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"154a45c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os materiais cat\u00f3dicos devem satisfazer v\u00e1rios requisitos dos quais depende a sele\u00e7\u00e3o do material do eletrodo positivo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79ad5bdd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79ad5bdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Para proporcionar alta capacidade, estes materiais devem incorporar uma grande quantidade de l\u00edtio, tal como \u00e9 feito.<\/li><li>Al\u00e9m disso, os materiais devem reversivelmente intercalar-se com pouca mudan\u00e7a estrutural para permitir uma longa vida \u00fatil do ciclo, alta efici\u00eancia em ampere-hora e alta efici\u00eancia energ\u00e9tica.<\/li><li>Para atingir alta tens\u00e3o celular e alta densidade de energia, a rea\u00e7\u00e3o de troca de l\u00edtio deve ocorrer com um alto potencial em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao l\u00edtio.<\/li><li>Para facilitar os processos de carga e descarga de alta taxa, a condutividade eletr\u00f4nica e a mobilidade de \u00edons de l\u00edtio no material deve ser alta.<\/li><li>O material do eletrodo positivo n\u00e3o deve se dissolver no eletr\u00f3lito e deve estar dispon\u00edvel a um custo acess\u00edvel. Para minimizar o custo, \u00e9 prefer\u00edvel a prepara\u00e7\u00e3o a partir de materiais baratos num processo de baixo custo<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58d0fe8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58d0fe8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O LiFePO4 \u00e9 uma excep\u00e7\u00e3o a esta regra. No LiFePO4, o transporte adequado de \u00edons de l\u00edtio \u00e9 conseguido atrav\u00e9s do uso de part\u00edculas de eletrodos com tamanho de part\u00edcula nanom\u00e9trica. [<em>Jeff Dahn e Grant M. Ehrlich. &#8220;Lithium ion batteries&#8221;, Linden&#8217;s Handbook of Batteries,<sup>4\u00aa<\/sup> edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Thomas B. Reddy (Ed.), McGraw Hill, pp. 26.6, 2011].<\/em><\/p><p>Os materiais ativos positivos (PAM) em c\u00e9lulas de \u00edons de l\u00edtio variam de acordo com o fabricante. Os materiais cat\u00f3dicos podem ser classificados em <strong>tr\u00eas grandes categorias [<\/strong><em>Arumugam Manthiram, Nature Communications (2020) 11:1550] <\/em>. Elas s\u00e3o:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53f43b27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"53f43b27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00d3xidos em camadas - materiais cat\u00f3dicos em bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6949a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a6949a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00e1rios \u00f3xidos do tipo geral LiMO2 (onde M =van\u00e1dio, cromo, cobalto e n\u00edquel) cristalizam em uma estrutura em camadas na qual os \u00edons Li+ e M3+ ocupam a altern\u00e2ncia [pistas da estrutura de sal de rocha para dar uma seq\u00fc\u00eancia de camadas de O-Li-O-M-O.  <\/p><p>No c\u00e1todo de \u00f3xido de l\u00edtio LiCoO2 em camadas, as grandes diferen\u00e7as de carga e tamanho entre os \u00edons Li+ e os \u00edons Co3+ trivalentes levam a um bom ordenamento cati\u00f4nico, que \u00e9 cr\u00edtico para suportar uma r\u00e1pida difus\u00e3o bidimensional de \u00edons de l\u00edtio e condutividade no plano do l\u00edtio.<\/p><p>Os materiais cat\u00f3dicos requerem n\u00edveis de pureza extremamente elevados e devem estar quase totalmente isentos de impurezas met\u00e1licas indesej\u00e1veis &#8211; nomeadamente ferro, van\u00e1dio e enxofre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-238ece2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"238ece2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7aa7892e\" data-id=\"7aa7892e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d0bb5d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d0bb5d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Simplified-schematic-of-a-layered-structure-in-which-there-is-alternate-occupation-of-the-phzofvsazf6y1h2bz2pezwc1a1fieoa1vviift696m.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Simplified-schematic-of-a-layered-structure-in-which-there-is-alternate-occupation-of-the.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Simplified-schematic-of-a-layered-structure-in-which-there-is-alternate-occupation-of-the.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5510fd1b\" data-id=\"5510fd1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c963f20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c963f20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 13. Esquema simplificado de uma estrutura em camadas na qual existe uma ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o alternada do<\/p><p>camadas de cati\u00f5es entre as camadas de \u00edons de \u00f3xido de c\u00e1lcio fechadas.<\/p><p>[Cr\u00e9dito:<em> Robert A. Huggins, Advanced Batteries, Materials Science Aspects, Springer, New York, 2009, p.168]<\/em><em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e37791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e37791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A boa estabilidade estrutural juntamente com a elevada condutividade el\u00e9ctrica e de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio oferece caracter\u00edsticas de carga-descarga r\u00e1pida com boa reversibilidade. Com estas caracter\u00edsticas, LiCoO2 permanece como um dos melhores catodos at\u00e9 \u00e0 data com uma alta tens\u00e3o de funcionamento de ~4 V. O c\u00e1todo LiCoO2 resolvido<br>dois grandes desafios associados aos c\u00e1todos de sulfureto perseguidos nos anos 70. Ele permitiu n\u00e3o s\u00f3 um aumento substancial da tens\u00e3o operacional de &lt;2,5 V para ~4 V, mas tamb\u00e9m a montagem de uma c\u00e9lula sem a necessidade de empregar um \u00e2nodo de l\u00edtio met\u00e1lico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f9a4099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f9a4099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00d3xidos de spinel - materiais cat\u00f3dicos em bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79f893ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79f893ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A segunda classe de c\u00e1todo \u00e9 o espin\u00e9lio LiMn2O4. (A f\u00f3rmula geral \u00e9 AB2O4). Embora esta estrutura seja geralmente retratada em coordenadas c\u00fabicas, ela tamb\u00e9m possui camadas paralelas de \u00edons \u00f3xidos em (111) planos, e existem tanto locais coordenados octahedralmente quanto locais coordenados tetraetricamente entre os planos de \u00edons \u00f3xidos. O n\u00famero de locais octa\u00e9dricos \u00e9 igual ao n\u00famero de i\u00f5es de \u00f3xido, mas h\u00e1 o dobro de locais tetra\u00e9dricos. A estabilidade estrutural tridimensional e a alta condutividade el\u00e9trica e de \u00edons de l\u00edtio oferecem caracter\u00edsticas de carga-descarga ainda mais r\u00e1pidas para Li1-xMn2O4 com boa reversibilidade em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com o LiCoO2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d3b3ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31d3b3ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uma vantagem importante ao passar de LiCoO2 para LiMn2O4 \u00e9 a redu\u00e7\u00e3o significativa no custo, j\u00e1 que o mangan\u00eas \u00e9 duas ordens de magnitude inferior ao custo do Co. Entretanto, uma quest\u00e3o cr\u00edtica com o LiMn2O4 \u00e9 a dissolu\u00e7\u00e3o do mangan\u00eas da malha para o eletr\u00f3lito na presen\u00e7a de quantidades vestigiais (n\u00edveis de ppm) de \u00edons H+ (acidez) no eletr\u00f3lito devido \u00e0s bem conhecidas despropor\u00e7\u00f5es de Mn3+ a Mn4+ e Mn2+ em \u00e1cido.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-58bf283d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"58bf283d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d1b7dc8\" data-id=\"4d1b7dc8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75a383f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"75a383f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Schematic-of-the-spinel-structure-in-which-the-cations-are-distributed-between-the-close-packed-phzofdxddkihwvs9vczi6iu9zpvjcfb5hf4abjwqgu.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Schematic-of-the-spinel-structure-in-which-the-cations-are-distributed-between-the-close-packed.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Schematic-of-the-spinel-structure-in-which-the-cations-are-distributed-between-the-close-packed.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-42904304\" data-id=\"42904304\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62aea7ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"62aea7ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 14 . Esquema da estrutura espin\u00e9lica na qual os c\u00e1tions s\u00e3o distribu\u00eddos entre os planos fechados (111) de \u00edons de \u00f3xido entre os locais tetra\u00e9dricos e octa\u00e9dricos <em>[<\/em>Cr\u00e9dito: <em>Robert A. Huggins, Advanced Batteries, Materials Science Aspects, Springer, New York, 2009, p.17]<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a116094 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a116094\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O material cat\u00f3dico de alta voltagem \u00f3xido de l\u00edtio-n\u00edquel-mangan\u00eas (LNMO) parece promissor nas baterias da pr\u00f3xima gera\u00e7\u00e3o. Mas o obst\u00e1culo \u00e9 a falta de um eletr\u00f3lito que possa lidar com as tens\u00f5es de uma bateria baseada em LNMO.  <em>As c\u00e9lulas de bateria baseadas em c\u00e1todo LNMO fornecem resultados ao mesmo n\u00edvel de outras baterias de alto desempenho baseadas em l\u00edtio, mas a um custo consideravelmente mais baixo.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d1f0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47d1f0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No entanto, os fabricantes de electr\u00f3litos est\u00e3o a obter resultados muito promissores da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e desenvolvimento em curso que, a dada altura, resultar\u00e3o em electr\u00f3litos que funcionar\u00e3o bem numa c\u00e9lula de bateria LNMO. https :\/\/blog.topsoe.com\/the-cathode-material-for-next-generation-lithium-ion-batteries-is-ready<\/p><p>Mais recentemente, o aumento do conte\u00fado de Ni e a redu\u00e7\u00e3o ou elimina\u00e7\u00e3o do conte\u00fado de cobalto nos catodos NMC est\u00e1 se tornando muito mais proeminente <em>[<\/em><em>Li, W., Erickson., E. &amp; Manthiram, A. Catodos de \u00f3xido de l\u00edtio para baterias automotivas \u00e0 base de l\u00edtio, Nat. Energy 5, 26-24<\/em><em>(2020)].<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ea3c0e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ea3c0e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00d3xidos de poliani\u00e3o - materiais cat\u00f3dicos em bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d63ee19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d63ee19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A terceira classe de \u00f3xidos \u00e9 a dos \u00f3xidos de poliani\u00e3o. \u00d3xidos de poliani\u00e3o como Fe2(MoO4<sub>)3<\/sub> e Fe2(WO4<sub>)3<\/sub> foram submetidos a inser\u00e7\u00e3o\/extra\u00e7\u00e3o revers\u00edvel de dois \u00edons de l\u00edtio por unidade de f\u00f3rmula para dar Li2Fe2(MoO4<sub>)3<\/sub> ou Li2Fe2(WO4<sub>)3<\/sub> ambos por m\u00e9todos qu\u00edmicos e eletroqu\u00edmicos<\/p><p><em>  [<\/em><em>Manthiram, A., Goodenough, J. B. Inser\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00edtio em estruturas Fe2(MO4<sub>)3 <\/sub>: compara\u00e7\u00e3o de M = W com M = Mo. J. Qu\u00edmica de Estado S\u00f3lido. 71, 349<\/em><em>\u2013<\/em><em>360 (1987)]. <\/em> <\/p><p>Baseado nas obras de Manthiram e Goodenough,<\/p><p>[Manthiram, A. &amp; Goodenough, J. B. Inser\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00edtio em estruturas Fe2(MO4<sub>)3<\/sub>: compara\u00e7\u00e3o de M = W com M = Mo. J. Qu\u00edmica de Estado S\u00f3lido. 71, 349\u2013360 (1987). Manthiram, A. &amp; Goodenough, J. B. Inser\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00edtio na estrutura Fe2(SO4<sub>)3<\/sub>. J. Power Sources 26, 403-406 (1989)].  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e08174f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e08174f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A explora\u00e7\u00e3o de fosfatos contendo l\u00edtio como c\u00e1todos levou \u00e0 identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de LiFePO4 olivina como c\u00e1todo [Padhi, A. K., Nanjundaswamy, K. S. &amp; Goodenough, J. B. Phospho-Olivines como materiais de eletrodo positivo para baterias de l\u00edtio recarreg\u00e1veis. J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, 1188-1194 (1997] em 1997.<\/p><p>Mas, a classe de \u00f3xido de poliani\u00e3o sofre de baixa condutividade electr\u00f3nica.<em>[Arumugam Manthiram, Nature Communications (2020) 11:1550]. <\/em> <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bf77646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4bf77646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A explora\u00e7\u00e3o de fosfatos contendo l\u00edtio como c\u00e1todos levou \u00e0 identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de LiFePO4 olivina como c\u00e1todo [Padhi, A. K., Nanjundaswamy, K. S. &amp; Goodenough, J. B. Phospho-Olivines como materiais de eletrodo positivo para baterias de l\u00edtio recarreg\u00e1veis. J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, 1188-1194 (1997] em 1997.<\/p><p>Mas, a classe de \u00f3xido de poliani\u00e3o sofre de baixa condutividade electr\u00f3nica.<em>[Arumugam Manthiram, Nature Communications (2020) 11:1550]. <\/em> <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36d703e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36d703e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-363f382e\" data-id=\"363f382e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b90bf3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48b90bf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais cat\u00f3dicos - Bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79e4287f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79e4287f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anteriormente, os compostos cat\u00f3dicos de \u00f3xido de l\u00edtio met\u00e1lico eram feitos de <u>carbonato de l\u00edtio e um sal do metal escolhido <\/u>por meio de uma s\u00e9rie de rea\u00e7\u00f5es qu\u00edmicas de substitui\u00e7\u00e3o realizadas em solu\u00e7\u00e3o. O produto desejado \u00e9 precipitado e seco por spray.  <\/p><p>LiCoO2 foi inicialmente preparado pelo m\u00e9todo de s\u00edntese convencional indicado na figura<strong>. <\/strong>O tetra\u00f3xido de tricobalto (Co304) e o carbonato de l\u00edtio (Li2CO3) foram bem misturados, seguidos pela calcina\u00e7\u00e3o no fluxo de ar a uma temperatura de cerca de 950\u00baC. Por este m\u00e9todo, por\u00e9m, era muito dif\u00edcil preparar part\u00edculas grossas de LiCoO2 e s\u00f3 se conseguiam obter part\u00edculas finas com di\u00e2metros de 1-3 pm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-643e4b8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"643e4b8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Materiais de eletrodos ativos finos n\u00e3o s\u00e3o desej\u00e1veis do ponto de vista da seguran\u00e7a. No caso de abusos como curto-circuito externo ou esmagamento, part\u00edculas finas com grande \u00e1rea de superf\u00edcie espec\u00edfica reagem facilmente de uma s\u00f3 vez e toda a energia da c\u00e9lula \u00e9 libertada abruptamente num curto espa\u00e7o de tempo com o consequente aumento da temperatura. Na pior das hip\u00f3teses, a c\u00e9lula pode pegar fogo <em>[Yoshio Nishi, em Lithium ion Batteries, M. Wakihara e 0. Yamamoto (Eds.). p\u00e1gina 192-193].<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f7f43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"76f7f43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Como \u00e9 fabricada a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio? fluxograma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-20b6b667 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"20b6b667\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fbd9eeb\" data-id=\"6fbd9eeb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76d9b085 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"76d9b085\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Flow-chart-for-making-Li-CoO2-phzoev4lkvsrgojkx4uysnl240g72h8iqu2kq0olxa.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Flow-chart-for-making-Li-CoO2.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Flow-chart-for-making-Li-CoO2.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c9e9099\" data-id=\"4c9e9099\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2563539e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2563539e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 15. Fluxograma para fazer o Li-CoO2<\/p><p><em>[Cr\u00e9dito: Yoshio Nishi, em Lithium ion Batteries, M. Wakihara e 0. Yamamoto (Eds.). p\u00e1gina 192-193].<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a7e09b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a7e09b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um processo melhorado para sintetizar cobaltita de l\u00edtio de maior tamanho de part\u00edcula: O primeiro ponto \u00e9 que uma pequena quantidade de resina PVA \u00e9 adicionada nas misturas de mat\u00e9rias-primas (Co304 e Li2CO3) para formar granulados granulados com um granulador. Ao sinterizar as pastilhas em um fluxo de ar contendo quantidade adequada de g\u00e1s C02, s\u00e3o sintetizadas part\u00edculas de l\u00edtio cobaltita com di\u00e2metro m\u00e9dio de 20pm. O segundo ponto \u00e9 que usamos uma quantidade ligeiramente excessiva de carbonato de l\u00edtio (Li2CO3) nas mat\u00e9rias-primas, de modo que a raz\u00e3o Li\/Co at\u00f4mica nas mat\u00e9rias-primas \u00e9 maior do que uma. Este procedimento tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 favor\u00e1vel para a obten\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas grosseiras e, al\u00e9m disso, o LiCoO2 resultante cont\u00e9m uma pequena quantidade de Li2CO3 residual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756078a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756078a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O primeiro ponto \u00e9 que uma pequena quantidade de resina de PVA \u00e9 adicionada nas misturas de mat\u00e9rias-primas (Co304 e Li2CO3) para formar granulados granulados com um granulador. A sinteriza\u00e7\u00e3o do \u00f3xido de cobalto de l\u00edtio pode ser facilmente preparada atrav\u00e9s da queima a alta temperatura de uma mistura estequiom\u00e9trica de carbonato de l\u00edtio Li2CO3 e \u00f3xido de cobalto, Co3O4 ou cobalto met\u00e1lico a 600-800\u00b0C, recozendo depois o produto a 900\u00b0C durante muitas horas, tudo sob uma atmosfera de oxig\u00e9nio.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9m pode ser obtido por calcina\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00f3xido hidratado com hidr\u00f3xido de l\u00edtio at\u00e9 750-900\u00b0C.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4514d991 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4514d991\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um terceiro m\u00e9todo utiliza acetato de l\u00edtio, acetato de cobalto e \u00e1cido c\u00edtrico em quantidades molares iguais, em solu\u00e7\u00e3o aquosa. O aquecimento a 80\u00b0C transforma a mistura num gel transparente viscoso. O gel seco \u00e9 ent\u00e3o mo\u00eddo e aquecido gradualmente at\u00e9 550\u00b0C. (https: \/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium_cobalt_oxide).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e54504c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e54504c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alguns exemplos t\u00edpicos s\u00e3o: M\u00e9todo Sol-gel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b6f4a70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b6f4a70\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3087564\" data-id=\"3087564\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-554889d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"554889d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em um processo sol-gel, as solu\u00e7\u00f5es aquosas dos reagentes e uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o de agente quelante s\u00e3o misturadas. A evapora\u00e7\u00e3o lenta do solvente gera um sol e um aquecimento moderado do sol assim obtido produz um gel. Este \u00faltimo \u00e9 calcinado a uma temperatura adequada para obter o produto desejado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75c4db65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75c4db65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Exemplo 1.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>S\u00edntese de LiCoO2 a partir de diferentes agentes complexantes: <\/strong>Os sais utilizados foram o nitrato de cobalto hexa hidratado (Co(NO3<sub>)2<\/sub>,6H2O, e o nitrato de l\u00edtio, LiNO3 anidro. O gel foi produzido utilizando quatro agentes complexantes diferentes: \u00e1cido c\u00edtrico, anidro (C3H4OH(COOH<sub>)3<\/sub>, glicina, (H2NCH2COOH); amido (amido de milho comercial e gelatina).<\/p><p>S\u00e3o preparadas cinco solu\u00e7\u00f5es contendo LiNO3 e Co(NO3<sub>)2<\/sub>.6H2O em 20 ml de \u00e1gua, com uma propor\u00e7\u00e3o de Li:Co = 1.1:1. Um agente complexante espec\u00edfico \u00e9 adicionado a cada solu\u00e7\u00e3o:<em>i<\/em>) \u00e1cido c\u00edtrico (4,611 g) dilu\u00eddo em 5 ml de \u00e1gua;<em>ii<\/em>) glicina (1,501 g);<em>iii<\/em>) amido (1,250 g);<em>iv<\/em>) gelatina (3,500 g) e<em>v<\/em>) ensaio em branco.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b5a489b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b5a489b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As primeiras quatro solu\u00e7\u00f5es foram aquecidas a uma temperatura de 70 a 80\u00b0C em banho de glicerina at\u00e9 a forma\u00e7\u00e3o do gel. A quantidade de tempo deste processo \u00e9 diferente para cada agente gelificante:<em>(i<\/em>) \u00e1cido c\u00edtrico (5 horas),<em>(ii<\/em>) glicina (3 horas),<em>(iii<\/em>) amido (1 hora),<em>(iv<\/em>) gelatina (3 horas). A produ\u00e7\u00e3o de p\u00f3s cristalinos para todas as amostras foi realizada em duas etapas em um forno de mufla: primeiro com a queima dos materiais a 300\u00b0C por 20-30 minutos e depois com o aquecimento a 700\u00b0C por 24 h.  <em>[Bruno G. A. Freitas e outros, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 28, 11, Nov. 2017].<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37cfb2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37cfb2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Exemplo 2.<\/strong><\/p><p>Preparado por um m\u00e9todo Sol-Gel<\/p><p>O LiNO3 \u00e9 dissolvido pela primeira vez em solu\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1cido c\u00edtrico. LiNO3, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O Co(Ac)2.4H2O e Mg(NO3)2.6H2O foram utilizados como mat\u00e9rias primas de l\u00edtio, n\u00edquel, cobalto e magn\u00e9sio em LiNi0<sub>.7-<\/sub><sub>\ud835\udc65M\ud835\udc65Co0.3O2<\/sub>(0 \u2a7d \ud835\udc65 \u2a7d 0.1), respectivamente. A quantidade de \u00e1cido c\u00edtrico \u00e9 igual \u00e0 quantidade molar total de Co, Ni, e Mg. Em seguida, Co(Ac)2 4H2O, Ni(NO3)2 6H2O e Mg(NO3)2 6H2O foram adicionados \u00e0 mistura. Toda a mistura foi aquecida por banho-maria em 80\u2218C. Durante o processo de aquecimento, forma-se uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o transparente e cor-de-rosa sem qualquer precipita\u00e7\u00e3o. Finalmente, a solu\u00e7\u00e3o transparente foi lentamente seca e transformada em gel. O xerogel foi seco, mo\u00eddo e depois tratado termicamente num forno a 120\u00b0C durante 12h.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa47b17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aa47b17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O precursor do gel foi calcinado a 500\u00b0C em ar por 6 horas, e resfriado \u00e0 temperatura ambiente em um forno tubular. Os produtos tratados termicamente foram mo\u00eddos numa argamassa de \u00e1gata para obter os p\u00f3s. E depois o p\u00f3 foi calcinado a 800\u00b0C durante 12 horas. Para a fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o dos c\u00e1todos, os produtos preparados foram primeiramente misturados com acetileno preto e fluoreto de polivinilideno (80: 8:12 em peso) em \ud835\udc41-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). O chorume obtido foi ent\u00e3o revestido em folha de alum\u00ednio e seco a 80oC durante 18 h para nova prensagem do rolo. . <em>[<\/em><em>Hailang Zhang, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2014, Artigo ID 746341,<\/em><em>]<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-108ac457 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"108ac457\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5ac017d2\" data-id=\"5ac017d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21603448 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"21603448\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Flow-chart-for-sol-gel-process-to-prepare-lithium-manganate-phzoecbts7310havywqfesbu8b0usj5w090v4hghdq.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Flow-chart-for-sol-gel-process-to-prepare-lithium-manganate.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Flow-chart-for-sol-gel-process-to-prepare-lithium-manganate.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6cce4b7f\" data-id=\"6cce4b7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a3924c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a3924c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 16. Fluxograma do processo sol-gel para preparar o manganato de l\u00edtio<\/p><p><em>(<\/em>Cr\u00e9dito: <em>Y.S. Lee, Y.K. Sun e K.S., Nahm, Solid State Ionics 109 (1998) 285 como dado por, M. Pasquali, S. Passerini e G. Pistoia<\/em><em>em Lithium Batteries, Science and Technology, ed. por G. A. Nazri e G. Pistoia, Springer, Nova York, (2009), p. 318<\/em><em>)<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-186b6b59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"186b6b59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais an\u00f3dicos em bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43017aa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43017aa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O caminho encorajador que leva aos LIBs com melhor energia e densidade de pot\u00eancia \u00e9 a sele\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais an\u00f3dicos adequados que podem proporcionar alta capacidade e facilidade de difus\u00e3o de Li-ion para o \u00e2nodo, juntamente com uma boa vida \u00fatil do ciclo e livre de preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es de seguran\u00e7a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43301292 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43301292\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Com base nos materiais precursores, os \u00e2nodos de carbono podem ser classificados em v\u00e1rios tipos, como indicado abaixo.<\/p><p>O material precursor e os par\u00e2metros de processamento determinam a natureza do carbono produzido. Os materiais que podem ser grafitados por tratamento a alta temperatura (2000 a 3000\u00b0C) s\u00e3o denominados <strong>\n  <u>carbonos macios<\/u>\n<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50ded439 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50ded439\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ao grafitar, o dist\u00farbio turboest\u00e1tico \u00e9 removido progressivamente com o aumento da temperatura e a tens\u00e3o no material \u00e9 aliviada [T]. Zheng, J. N. Reimers, e J. R. Dahn,  <em>F\u00edsica. Rev. B  <\/em><strong>51<\/strong>, 734 (1995)] <strong>\n  <u>Carv\u00f5es duros<\/u>\n<\/strong>como as preparadas a partir de resina fen\u00f3lica, n\u00e3o podem ser facilmente grafitadas, mesmo quando tratadas a 3000\u00b0C. Os materiais do tipo coque s\u00e3o preparados a cerca de 1000\u00b0C, normalmente a partir de um precursor arom\u00e1tico de petr\u00f3leo [<em>Jeff Dahn e Grant M. Ehrlich. &#8220;Lithium ion batteries&#8221;, Linden&#8217;s Handbook of Batteries,<sup>4\u00aa<\/sup> edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Thomas B. Reddy (Ed.), McGraw Hill, pp. 26., 2011<\/em>]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-77ca4676 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"77ca4676\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c145bb1\" data-id=\"c145bb1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc42fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cc42fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Carbon-anode-materials-precursor-classification-phzodugw6cekvw0tv70ileu2xzgvqa6zlsmn086yny.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Carbon-anode-materials-precursor-classification.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Carbon-anode-materials-precursor-classification.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-196742e1\" data-id=\"196742e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c5664f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c5664f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 17. Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais precursores de \u00e2nodos de carbono<\/p><p>[Cr\u00e9dito:  <em>Jeff Dahn e Grant M. Ehrlich. &#8220;Lithium ion batteries&#8221;, Linden&#8217;s Handbook of Batteries,<sup>4\u00aa<\/sup> edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Thomas B. Reddy (Ed.), McGraw Hill, pp. 26., 2011<\/em>]<\/p><p> <\/p><p>Goriparti divide os materiais an\u00f3dicos da LIB em <strong>\n  <u>tr\u00eas categorias<\/u>\n<\/strong> dependendo do seu mecanismo de reac\u00e7\u00e3o com o l\u00edtio <em>[<\/em><em>Subrahmanyam Goriparti, Ermanno Miele, Francesco De Angelis, Enzo Di Fabrizio, Remo Proietti Zaccaria, Claudio Capiglia, J Power Sources 257 (2014) 421-443]<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63b9bfa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63b9bfa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O grupo de intercala\u00e7\u00e3o\/de-intercala\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56284938 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56284938\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Esta categoria de \u00e2nodo inclui materiais carbon\u00e1ceos e \u00f3xidos de tit\u00e2nio. A capacidade de armazenamento que ocorre atrav\u00e9s de um caminho de intercala\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 intimamente associada \u00e0 \u00e1rea de superf\u00edcie, morfologia, cristalinidade e sua orienta\u00e7\u00e3o. Os carbonos macios s\u00e3o geralmente bem aceitos e utilizados na ind\u00fastria de baterias. Foi visto que o carbono macio \u00e9 uma tecnologia bastante madura, enquanto o carbono duro pode apresentar uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o alternativa interessante, especialmente para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es que requerem alta capacidade, como no setor de ve\u00edculos el\u00e9tricos. Os \u00e2nodos de \u00f3xido de tit\u00e2nio j\u00e1 s\u00e3o utilizados por algumas ind\u00fastrias de baterias.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-11619677 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"11619677\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a1bed6\" data-id=\"1a1bed6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bfd4cf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1bfd4cf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Schematics-of-the-structure-of-a-graphitizing-but-non-graphite-carbon-Soft-carbon-phzoczg7wt848r9vwbltt4nvc9pro9ruhj3m63gyda.jpg\" title=\"Schematics-of-the-structure-of-a-graphitizing-but-non-graphite-carbon-Soft-carbon.jpg\" alt=\"Schematics-of-the-structure-of-a-graphitizing-but-non-graphite-carbon-Soft-carbon.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figura 18. [Cr\u00e9dito: R.E. Franklin, Proc. Royal Soc. (Londres), A209, 196, 1951]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4df82152\" data-id=\"4df82152\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c631c21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c631c21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Schematics-of-the-structure-of-a-non-graphitizing-carbon-Hard-carbon-phzochlaayjo45ztslvwzr641y5sm0sy32pe1u7fni.jpg\" title=\"Schematics-of-the-structure-of-a-non-graphitizing-carbon-Hard-carbon.jpg\" alt=\"Schematics-of-the-structure-of-a-non-graphitizing-carbon-Hard-carbon.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a43c172 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a43c172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Graphene tamb\u00e9m foi amplamente revisto. Em particular, verificou-se que as suas propriedades el\u00e9ctricas tornam este material especialmente adequado para os \u00e2nodos h\u00edbridos grafeno\/metal (por exemplo, grafeno com SnO2 e Fe2O3). Os nano-tubos de carbono (CNTs) foram significativos pelos seus resultados acad\u00e9micos muito interessantes, embora o custo de produ\u00e7\u00e3o possa dificultar a sua aplica\u00e7\u00e3o como material an\u00f3dico activo na ind\u00fastria de baterias para o futuro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-588f9b12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"588f9b12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3bb1108f\" data-id=\"3bb1108f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e18d275 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3e18d275\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Crystal-structure-of-hexagonal-graphite-showing-ABAB-phzobysii9txnyr4udrdlvww68qgc2qbchnogazb3y.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Crystal-structure-of-hexagonal-graphite-showing-ABAB.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Crystal-structure-of-hexagonal-graphite-showing-ABAB.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figura 19. Estrutura cristalina de grafite hexagonal mostrando ABAB... empilhamento de folhas de grafite e a c\u00e9lula da unidade [Cr\u00e9dito: Mochida, I, Tansozaino Kagaku to Kogaku, Asakura, Tokyo (1990) p.10 (em japon\u00eas), Adaptado de Ralph J. Brodd e Kazuo Tagawain in Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries, Walter A. van Schalkwijk e Bruno Scrosati (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, pp. 81, 2002].<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3bf605c8\" data-id=\"3bf605c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b257cd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2b257cd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Crystal-structures-of-graphite-hexagonal-upper-and-rombohedral-below--phzobfzqpl477rifw5mu80noajb424nolwlyurr6ke.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Crystal-structures-of-graphite-hexagonal-upper-and-rombohedral-below-.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Crystal-structures-of-graphite-hexagonal-upper-and-rombohedral-below-.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figura 20. Estruturas cristalinas de grafite, hexagonais ( superior ) e rhombohedral ( inferior ) [Cr\u00e9dito: Zempachi Ogumi e Hongyu Wang. (2009) Carbon Anode Materials, In Yoshio M., Brodd R.J., Kozawa A. (eds) Lithium-Ion Batteries. Springer, Nova York, NY, pp 55 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-34445-4_8]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72dfea52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72dfea52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No entanto, para grandes baterias EV, os grafites de baixo custo s\u00e3o normalmente preferidos devido a considera\u00e7\u00f5es de custo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b57629f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b57629f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Em uma segunda categoria,<\/strong> foram descritos materiais de liga como Si, Ge, SiO, SnO2. Estes materiais podem fornecer maiores capacidades e alta densidade de energia em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao grupo anterior, reagindo com l\u00edtio em um mecanismo eletroqu\u00edmico de liga\/deliga. No entanto, este processo implica uma grande expans\u00e3o de volume que resulta numa perda substancial de capacidade ao pedalar. A redu\u00e7\u00e3o das dimens\u00f5es a granel para a nanoescala, juntamente com a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de estruturas complexas pela combina\u00e7\u00e3o com matrizes condutoras, foi proposta para superar as quest\u00f5es acima especificadas e para melhorar o desempenho geral do \u00e2nodo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33b077d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33b077d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sil\u00edcio e SnO2 e seu composto com carbono s\u00e3o os materiais mais promissores para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es em futuras baterias de l\u00edtio, no entanto, ainda \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria uma forma barata para sua produ\u00e7\u00e3o em massa como materiais an\u00f3dicos. Por outro lado, Ge, embora interessante por suas propriedades eletroqu\u00edmicas e excelentes resultados experimentais em laborat\u00f3rio, sofre do inconveniente de ser o elemento do quinquag\u00e9simo escal\u00e3o em termos de abund\u00e2ncia na crosta terrestre. Portanto, parece n\u00e3o ser uma boa op\u00e7\u00e3o para a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o em massa da tecnologia de bateria de l\u00edtio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d4f766 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"62d4f766\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>No terceiro grupo<\/strong>, foram descritos os materiais que reagem com l\u00edtio de maneira de rea\u00e7\u00e3o de convers\u00e3o. Em particular, foram considerados os \u00f3xidos\/fosforetos\/nitretos\/sulfuretos met\u00e1licos. No entanto, estes materiais ainda est\u00e3o longe do grande mercado comercial de baterias de l\u00edtio, devido \u00e0 fraca reten\u00e7\u00e3o de capacidade e \u00e0 grande histerese potencial. Portanto, uma variedade de formas nano-estruturadas destes materiais tamb\u00e9m foram investigadas para resolver os problemas acima identificados.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-284fedc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"284fedc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uma nanotecnologia \u00e9 definitivamente uma abordagem formid\u00e1vel para a engenharia da pr\u00f3xima gera\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais an\u00f3dicos para baterias de l\u00edtio. Para utilizar os materiais descritos como \u00e2nodos eficazes em LIBs comerciais, especialmente para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es EV, \u00e9 contudo necess\u00e1rio mais trabalho de pesquisa. Na verdade, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio conseguir tanto uma maior energia como uma maior densidade de pot\u00eancia, juntamente com o desenvolvimento de processos de fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o baratos para a s\u00edntese em larga escala de materiais nanosized. Al\u00e9m disso, a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o dos mecanismos que regem a interac\u00e7\u00e3o entre o l\u00edtio e as formas nanosizadas dos materiais descritos, juntamente com as propriedades de transporte de electr\u00f5es na interface el\u00e9ctrodo\/electrolito, \u00e9 de import\u00e2ncia crucial para a concep\u00e7\u00e3o da pr\u00f3xima gera\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais an\u00f3dicos activos concebidos pela nanotecnologia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68675ca8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68675ca8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os eletrodos negativos atualmente empregados nas c\u00e9lulas de l\u00edtio envolvem uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00f3lida de l\u00edtio em uma das formas de carbono. As c\u00e9lulas de l\u00edtio que operam a temperaturas acima do ponto de fus\u00e3o do l\u00edtio devem necessariamente usar ligas de l\u00edtio em vez de l\u00edtio elementar. Estas s\u00e3o geralmente fases bin\u00e1rias ou tern\u00e1rias met\u00e1licas. H\u00e1 tamb\u00e9m um interesse crescente na possibilidade do uso de ligas met\u00e1licas em vez de carbonos \u00e0 temperatura ambiente, com o objectivo de reduzir o volume do el\u00e9ctrodo, bem como de conseguir um aumento significativo da capacidade.  <em>[Robert A. Huggins, Advanced Batteries, Materials Science Aspects, Springer, Nova York, 2009, p.123].<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e8b5895 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e8b5895\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A grafite \u00e9 anfot\u00e9rica, e tanto c\u00e1tions como \u00e2nions podem ser inseridos nela entre as camadas de grafeno. Quando os c\u00e1tions s\u00e3o inseridos, a estrutura de grafite do hospedeiro assume uma carga negativa. Exemplos de c\u00e1tions s\u00e3o Li+, K+, Rb+, e Cs+. Quando os \u00e2nions s\u00e3o inseridos, a estrutura de grafite do hospedeiro assume uma carga positiva, e os exemplos de \u00e2nions s\u00e3o Br<em>\n  <sup>\u2212<\/sup>\n<\/em>, SO2- , SbF6-<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65693f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65693f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3a3762\" data-id=\"e3a3762\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5c97cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5c97cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A inser\u00e7\u00e3o de metais alcalinos no carbono foi demonstrada pela primeira vez em 1926 [ <em> K. Fredenhagen e G. Cadenbach, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 158, 249 (1926)] <\/em>e a s\u00edntese qu\u00edmica de l\u00edtio-carboneto foi demonstrada em 1955  <em><strong>[D. Guerard, A. Herold, Carbon 13, 337 (1975<\/strong>)]. Raio-x  <\/em>experimentos com espectroscopia de fotoemiss\u00e3o mostraram que o l\u00edtio inserido entrega o seu el\u00e9tron ao carbono, e assim a estrutura pode ser vista como \u00edons Li+ contidos entre as camadas de carbono da estrutura de grafite<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efd8dc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"efd8dc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>[G.K. Wertheim, P.M.Th.M. Van Attekum e S. Basu, Solid State Commun. 33, 1127 (1980)]. Uma revis\u00e3o geral do trabalho inicial sobre a inser\u00e7\u00e3o de esp\u00e9cies em grafite pode ser encontrada em  <br><em>[L.B. Ebert, Intercalation Compounds of Graphite, em Annual Review of Materials Science,<\/em><br><em>Vol. 6, Ed. por R.A. Huggins, Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA (1976), p. 181].<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49be6c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49be6c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O fator importante na pureza do material do \u00e2nodo \u00e9 a necessidade de eliminar qualquer esp\u00e9cie contendo oxig\u00eanio na superf\u00edcie, pois estas reagiriam com o eletr\u00f3lito. Para evitar esta reac\u00e7\u00e3o, os fabricantes cozem o grafite a 1100\u00baC) em atmosferas redutoras ou inertes. Isto aumenta o custo para outros usos, em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com o grafite. O carbono (90%) \u00e9 misturado com v\u00e1rios outros ingredientes para fazer a pasta de \u00e2nodo ou chorume. Tal como no c\u00e1todo, o fluoreto de polivinilideno (PVDF) \u00e9 usado como ligante (-5%), e uma pequena quantidade de negro de fumo \u00e9 adicionada para garantir a condutividade. Al\u00e9m disso, a n-metilpirrolidona (NMP) \u00e9 utilizada para solubilizar os materiais para formar uma mistura uniforme. A press\u00e3o assegura uma granulometria uniforme (Sandi 1999).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-082f90a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"082f90a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O titanato de l\u00edtio (LTO) est\u00e1 ganhando muito interesse. As c\u00e9lulas LTO operam a uma temperatura mais baixa do que outras qu\u00edmicas e oferecem uma alta densidade de pot\u00eancia. No entanto, tais c\u00e9lulas sofrem de uma tens\u00e3o nominal mais baixa, na faixa de cerca de 2,2-2,3 V por c\u00e9lula.<em>  Norio Takami, Hiroki Inagaki, Yoshinao Tatebayashi, Hidesato Saruwatari, Keizoh Honda, Shun Egusa, J Power Sources 244 (2013) 469-475]<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b954ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b954ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O material do eletrodo, tipicamente grafite, expande em 10 % durante o processo de carga. O grafite recupera seu volume original quando os \u00edons de l\u00edtio se desintercalam. Os i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio n\u00e3o s\u00f3 seriam intercalados no grafite se fosse utilizado alum\u00ednio, mas tamb\u00e9m inseridos no condutor, formando assim uma liga de alum\u00ednio-l\u00edtio. O processo inverso ocorreria durante o descarregamento. O alum\u00ednio seria degradado ap\u00f3s alguns ciclos e seria in\u00fatil como um coletor de corrente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3167807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3167807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Entretanto, se o eletrodo negativo \u00e9 feito de titanato de l\u00edtio em vez de grafite, a situa\u00e7\u00e3o muda drasticamente. O potencial de eletrodos do Li4Ti5O12 \u00e9 cerca de 1,4 V maior que o da grafite (a tens\u00e3o da c\u00e9lula \u00e9 cerca de 1,4 V menor, 2,2 V contra 3,6 V). Isto evitaria que os \u00edons de l\u00edtio fossem intercalados no alum\u00ednio. Portanto, o alum\u00ednio \u00e9 prefer\u00edvel ao cobre por raz\u00f5es relacionadas com o custo e o peso. Li4Ti5O12 \u00e9 utilizado principalmente em aplica\u00e7\u00f5es estacion\u00e1rias devido \u00e0 sua menor tens\u00e3o de c\u00e9lula.<em>C\u0103lin Wurm et al., em Lithium-Ion Batteries, Reiner Korthauer (ed), Translated by Michael Wuest et.al., Springer, 2018. pp. 57<\/em>].<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fc3a1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fc3a1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em> <\/em><u>Processo para a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de titanato de l\u00edtio:<\/u> Uma mistura de di\u00f3xido de tit\u00e2nio e um composto de l\u00edtio (qualquer um destes: carbonato de l\u00edtio, hidr\u00f3xido de l\u00edtio, nitrato de l\u00edtio e \u00f3xido de l\u00edtio) \u00e9 pr\u00e9-sinterizada a uma temperatura entre 670\u00b0C e 800\u00b0C. \u00c9 obtido um composto constitu\u00eddo por TiO2, e Li2TiO3 ou um composto constitu\u00eddo por TiO2, Li2TiO3, e Li4Ti5O12. O composto \u00e9 ent\u00e3o sinterizado a uma temperatura na faixa de 800 a 950\u00b0C.<em>  [Tetsuya Yamawaki et.al., U S Patent 6,645,673 B2, 2003 Assigned to Toho Titanium Co., Ltd., Chigasaki]<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-409385c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"409385c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Toshiba&#8217;s SCiB\u2122 Bateria recarreg\u00e1vel (https:\/\/www.scib.jp\/en\/)<br>SCiB\u2122 utiliza \u00f3xido de l\u00edtio e tit\u00e2nio (LTO) em seu \u00e2nodo para alcan\u00e7ar seguran\u00e7a, longa vida \u00fatil, desempenho a baixa temperatura, carregamento r\u00e1pido, alta pot\u00eancia de entrada\/sa\u00edda e grande capacidade efetiva. SCiB\u2122 encontrou amplas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es em ve\u00edculos, aplica\u00e7\u00f5es industriais e de infra-estrutura, incluindo autom\u00f3veis, \u00f4nibus, vag\u00f5es ferrovi\u00e1rios, elevadores e usinas de energia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4b3221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4b3221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de separador de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d2664f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d2664f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dois tipos de processo est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis: \u00famido e seco. Os fabricantes japoneses utilizam um processo \u00famido no qual o pol\u00edmero \u00e9 dissolvido em \u00f3leo. O \u00f3leo \u00e9 ent\u00e3o evaporado para deixar um filme poroso. Eles utilizam pol\u00edmeros de ultra-alto peso molecular para produzir Celgard, tr\u00eas camadas de filme de pol\u00edmero soprado s\u00e3o laminadas, puxadas para baixo e recozidas abaixo do ponto de fus\u00e3o para controlar a estrutura do pol\u00edmero. A folha \u00e9 ent\u00e3o rapidamente esticada para obter porosidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c8d40e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c8d40e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dois tipos de processo est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis: \u00famido e seco. Os fabricantes japoneses utilizam um processo \u00famido no qual o pol\u00edmero \u00e9 dissolvido em \u00f3leo. O \u00f3leo \u00e9 ent\u00e3o evaporado para deixar um filme poroso. Eles utilizam pol\u00edmeros de ultra-alto peso molecular para produzir Celgard, tr\u00eas camadas de filme de pol\u00edmero soprado s\u00e3o laminadas, puxadas para baixo e recozidas abaixo do ponto de fus\u00e3o para controlar a estrutura do pol\u00edmero. A folha \u00e9 ent\u00e3o rapidamente esticada para obter porosidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b6458b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b6458b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>[Pekala, R.W., et al., 2000, &#8220;Separadores&#8221;: An Overlooked Opportunity to Enhance Battery Performance?&#8221;, 17th International Seminar and Exhibit on Primary and Secondary Batteries, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., March 6-9].<\/em><\/p><p>Este processo \u00e9 muito sens\u00edvel \u00e0s condi\u00e7\u00f5es de opera\u00e7\u00e3o e at\u00e9 varia com os lotes de material, portanto \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio um controle cuidadoso <em>[Linda Gaines e Roy Cuenca, Cost of Lithium ion batteries for Vehicles, ANL Report ANL\/ESD-42, maio de 2000, pp. 20 ]<\/em>.<\/p><p>No entanto, a espessura adicional necess\u00e1ria em separadores para c\u00e9lulas EV\/HEV compensa a resist\u00eancia reduzida.  <em>  [Y. Nishi, entra: M. Wakihara, O. Yamamoto (Eds.), Lithium Ion Batteries, Wiley\/VCH\/Kodansha, T\u00f3quio, 1998, p. 195.<\/em><br><em>P. Arora, Z. Zhang, Chem. Rev. 104 (2004) 4419].<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f500d68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f500d68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al\u00e9m das caracter\u00edsticas convencionais, como boa resist\u00eancia mec\u00e2nica, permeabilidade eletrol\u00edtica, estes separadores microporosos apresentam <u>uma propriedade protetora<\/u> durante o abuso celular. Por exemplo, se a temperatura da c\u00e9lula subir anormalmente devido a uma sobrecarga excessiva, por exemplo, o calor gerado amolece o PE e fecha os microporos do filme. Isto \u00e9 chamado de <strong>\n  <u>separador &#8220;desligar&#8221;.<\/u>\n<\/strong> Uma vez que o desligamento ocorre, o transporte i\u00f4nico entre os eletrodos \u00e9 efetivamente interrompido e a corrente deixa de fluir. Se o separador puder manter a integridade mec\u00e2nica acima de sua temperatura de desligamento, ele pode proporcionar uma margem de seguran\u00e7a ao dispositivo; caso contr\u00e1rio, os eletrodos podem entrar em contato direto, reagir quimicamente, levando \u00e0 fuga t\u00e9rmica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-317747e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"317747e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No entanto, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel que, devido \u00e0 in\u00e9rcia t\u00e9rmica, a temperatura possa continuar a subir mesmo ap\u00f3s o desligamento. Nessas condi\u00e7\u00f5es, o separador derreteria e encurtaria os el\u00e9ctrodos, levando a reac\u00e7\u00f5es violentas e \u00e0 gera\u00e7\u00e3o de calor. Este fen\u00f4meno \u00e9 chamado &#8220;derretimento&#8221; ou &#8220;quebra&#8221; do separador. Portanto, a fim de garantir a seguran\u00e7a da c\u00e9lula, a diferen\u00e7a entre as temperaturas de &#8220;desligamento&#8221; e &#8220;derretimento&#8221; deve ser a maior poss\u00edvel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02c175a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02c175a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os separadores feitos inteiramente de polietileno de alta densidade derretem a 135\u00b0C e perdem a integridade mec\u00e2nica acima desta temperatura. Contudo, os separadores feitos por camadas de lamina\u00e7\u00e3o de polipropileno e polietileno mant\u00eam a integridade mec\u00e2nica pelo menos at\u00e9 165\u00b0C, o ponto de fus\u00e3o do polipropileno. \u00c9 interessante notar que embora o polietileno de ultra-alto peso molecular derreta a 135\u00b0C, os separadores feitos deste material ret\u00eam sua integridade mec\u00e2nica at\u00e9 pelo menos 180\u00b0C, pois a viscosidade do material \u00e9 tal que mant\u00e9m sua integridade f\u00edsica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-104e547 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"104e547\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os separadores s\u00e3o fi\u00e1veis e os fabricantes de baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio est\u00e3o a optar cada vez mais pela sua incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o nos seus produtos. Os separadores de desligamento mais comuns t\u00eam polipropileno de alto peso molecular misturado com polietileno de super-alto peso molecular. Aqui, a propriedade \u00fanica de desligamento do polietileno \u00e9 combinada favoravelmente com a alta integridade mec\u00e2nica do polipropileno a temperaturas elevadas. Como o desligamento \u00e9 irrevers\u00edvel, uma vez accionado, estes separadores deixam as c\u00e9lulas permanentemente danificadas. <em>[P.G. Balakrishnan, R. Ramesh, T. Prem Kumar<\/em><em>, J. Power Sources. <\/em><em>155 (2006) 401\u2013414]<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61b1e3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"61b1e3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Outros materiais em bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c594699 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c594699\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Existem outros materiais como coletores de corrente como <strong>alum\u00ednio, folhas de n\u00edquel e cobre<\/strong>, ligantes como<strong>copol\u00edmero de estireno-butadieno (SBR),<\/strong> e<strong>fluoreto de polivinilideno (PVDF), eletr\u00f3litos e solventes, <\/strong>aditivos condutores de c\u00e1todo, separador.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16abae0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"16abae0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2adfe750\" data-id=\"2adfe750\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45ed0d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45ed0d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vantagens &amp; Limita\u00e7\u00f5es da Bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio\n- Fabrico de c\u00e9lulas de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18546378 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18546378\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre o peso do \u00e2nodo e do c\u00e1todo  <\/strong><\/p><p>\u00c9 muito importante que n\u00e3o se forme metal de l\u00edtio durante a opera\u00e7\u00e3o celular. A deposi\u00e7\u00e3o dos dendritos das formas met\u00e1licas que internamente encurtam a c\u00e9lula. O controle de voltagem durante o carregamento e o equil\u00edbrio celular ajudam a reduzir este problema em grande parte. O principal m\u00e9todo para controlar a deposi\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00edtio \u00e9 a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre o \u00e2nodo e a capacidade cat\u00f3dica das placas individuais na c\u00e9lula. O el\u00e9ctrodo <strong>an\u00f3dico <\/strong>tem uma <strong>capacidade de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong> cerca de <strong>10% maior<\/strong> do que o c\u00e1todo. Isto evita a deposi\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00edtio met\u00e1lico no \u00e2nodo durante a carga, uma vez que o c\u00e1todo determina a capacidade da c\u00e9lula. Se houver dep\u00f3sitos de l\u00edtio met\u00e1lico na superf\u00edcie do eletrodo, ele reage com o eletr\u00f3lito e pode iniciar uma fuga t\u00e9rmica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-42d1df07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"42d1df07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5affc1fc\" data-id=\"5affc1fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1119dc22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1119dc22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Anode-and-cathode-capacity-ratio-in-Li-ion-cell-phzoax6ywwegrk9qxxiau5egetvrs6l1vbk998j20u.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Anode-and-cathode-capacity-ratio-in-Li-ion-cell.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Anode-and-cathode-capacity-ratio-in-Li-ion-cell.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a70dfc\" data-id=\"47a70dfc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ec83c38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ec83c38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 21. Taxa de capacidade an\u00f3dica e cat\u00f3dica na c\u00e9lula de \u00edons de l\u00edtio<\/p><p><em>(<\/em>Cr\u00e9dito: <em>Ralph J. Brodd e Kazuo Tagawa, em Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries, Walter A. van Schalkwijk e Bruno Scrosati (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York,<\/em> <em>pp. 272, 2002).<\/em><\/p><p> <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8227026 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8227026\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Processos de montagem de c\u00e9lulas de \u00edons de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76efc00d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76efc00d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os processos de montagem de c\u00e9lulas para uma bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio requerem precis\u00e3o e precis\u00e3o ao revestir o estoque de eletrodos positivos e negativos revestidos com o material ativo. O processo de revestimento \u00e9 um elemento cr\u00edtico para garantir um produto de alta capacidade e alta confiabilidade. Se os revestimentos forem de m\u00e1 qualidade, apenas ser\u00e3o produzidas baterias de baixo desempenho. Os passos iniciais na prepara\u00e7\u00e3o da massa activa determinam o resultado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5faff2f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5faff2f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Cohen e Gutoff [E. Cohen e E. Gutoff, Modern Coating and Drying Technology, Wiley-VCH,<\/em><\/p><p><em>New York, 1992]<\/em> descreve uma metodologia para chegar \u00e0 melhor t\u00e9cnica de revestimento para uma determinada aplica\u00e7\u00e3o, baseada na reologia do slurry de revestimento, que requer precis\u00e3o e velocidade de revestimento.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7400e286 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7400e286\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-250a506e\" data-id=\"250a506e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dafe3ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5dafe3ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Anode-and-cathode-coating-process-phzoaee747oqbd11zpdrga58j4gfi8if4qijnpaxha.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Anode-and-cathode-coating-process.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Anode-and-cathode-coating-process.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-75775d8c\" data-id=\"75775d8c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a988ae2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a988ae2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 22. Processo de revestimento an\u00f3dico e cat\u00f3dico<\/p><p><em>(<\/em>Cr\u00e9dito:<em> Ralph J. Brodd e Kazuo Tagawain in Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries, Walter A. van Schalkwijk e Bruno Scrosati (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, pp. 273, 2002).<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2755608a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2755608a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fluxograma para fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de bateria de \u00edons de l\u00edtio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-791e53d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"791e53d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Manufacturing-flowchart-of-lithium-ion-battery-phzo9wjb4osqmpsv257pg3batnwiv0tfcrmebidils.jpg\" title=\"Manufacturing-flowchart-of-lithium-ion-battery.jpg\" alt=\"Manufacturing-flowchart-of-lithium-ion-battery.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b4c20ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b4c20ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 23.  <u>FLUXOGRAMA PARA FABRICA\u00c7\u00c3O DE C\u00c9LULAS DE \u00cdONS DE L\u00cdTIO<\/u><\/p><p><em>[Ralph J. Brodd e Kazuo Tagawa em <\/em><em>Avan\u00e7os em Baterias de Lithium-Ion,<\/em><em> Walter A. van Schalkwijk e Bruno Scrosati (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, pp. 271, 2002].<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-44791006 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"44791006\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7eb933b\" data-id=\"7eb933b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3650bcad elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3650bcad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Flow-chart-for-manufacture-of-electrodes-from-raw-materials-pe9ratmmyt6peu6rnuodixdilfsxgdwh4dydovvy0u.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Flow-chart-for-manufacture-of-electrodes-from-raw-materials.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Flow-chart-for-manufacture-of-electrodes-from-raw-materials.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e73639a\" data-id=\"6e73639a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dc65815 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6dc65815\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Cr\u00e9dito: Electropaedia https: \/\/www.mpoweruk.com\/battery_manufacturing.htm<\/em><\/p><p>Figura 24. Fluxograma para o fabrico de el\u00e9ctrodos a partir de mat\u00e9rias-primas<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f41a963 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f41a963\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Conjunto de c\u00e9lulas de \u00edons de l\u00edtio<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-310dba3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"310dba3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Flowchart-for-cell-assembly-phzo8uxrjbgohvd7651duzsxdbr1ygj9gihza733s0.jpg\" title=\"Flowchart-for-cell-assembly.jpg\" alt=\"Flowchart-for-cell-assembly.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Cr\u00e9dito: Electropaedia. https:\/\/www.mpoweruk .com\/battery_manufacturing.htm Figura 25. Gr\u00e1fico de fluxo desde a montagem de c\u00e9lulas at\u00e9 ao envio para c\u00e9lulas prism\u00e1ticas e cil\u00edndricas<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b1b327 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b1b327\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-33c0fc46\" data-id=\"33c0fc46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48aee46f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"48aee46f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Prismatic-Li-ion-cell-manufacture-pe9raukh5n7zqg5eid303f4z6toao307gilv65ujum.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Prismatic-Li-ion-cell-manufacture.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Prismatic-Li-ion-cell-manufacture.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a913b60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4a913b60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Cylindrical-Li-ion-cell-manufacture-\u2013Part-2-phzo7jxsf9sh5v5vlz3fehzzs4hf787oenemcjiubi.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Cylindrical-Li-ion-cell-manufacture-\u2013Part-2.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Cylindrical-Li-ion-cell-manufacture-\u2013Part-2.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-24f67110\" data-id=\"24f67110\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75629b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"75629b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-xx-Cylindrical-Li-ion-cell-manufacture-\u2013-Part-1-pe9raukh5n7zqg5eid303f4z6toao307gilv65ujum.jpg\" title=\"Figure-xx-Cylindrical-Li-ion-cell-manufacture-\u2013-Part-1.jpg\" alt=\"Figure-xx-Cylindrical-Li-ion-cell-manufacture-\u2013-Part-1.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-152ec2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"152ec2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os fabricantes de baterias de \u00edons de l\u00edtio visam os seguintes pontos durante a montagem das c\u00e9lulas:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Os desenhos para a c\u00e9lula de \u00edons de l\u00edtio devem resultar em uma densidade de corrente uniforme em toda a \u00e1rea do eletrodo.<\/strong><\/li><li>Para assegurar um bom contacto entre os materiais activos (AM) e o colector actual<\/li><li>Os eletrodos de grande superf\u00edcie s\u00e3o empregados para dar \u00e0s c\u00e9lulas um desempenho de alta taxa. Isto reduz a polariza\u00e7\u00e3o, ou seja, as perdas de tens\u00e3o devido \u00e0 cin\u00e9tica das rea\u00e7\u00f5es do eletrodo e diminui a queda de tens\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s do separador.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-333ffd74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"333ffd74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A estrutura dos poros e a combina\u00e7\u00e3o de carbonos condutores proporcionam um bom contacto inter-part\u00edculas do material activo.<\/p><p>Um<strong>bom contato<\/strong> \u00e9 essencial entre <strong>os materiais ativos, o carbono condutivo e o coletor de corrente<\/strong>, para o pleno aproveitamento dos materiais ativos e para uma boa efici\u00eancia durante a alta taxa de desempenho.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6abf30f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6abf30f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A mistura de cobalto cat\u00f3dico<\/strong> \u00e9 preparada a partir de LiCoO2 (um p\u00f3 preto) + ligante PVdF (um fluoropol\u00edmero termopl\u00e1stico semi-cristalino branco) + N-metilpirrolidona (NMP, um l\u00edquido org\u00e2nico incolor) como solvente. Sendo LICoO2 n\u00e3o condutor, um diluente condutor, invariavelmente um negro de fumo, \u00e9 adicionado para melhorar a condutividade do LiCoO2.<\/p><p>A rela\u00e7\u00e3o e as quantidades dos materiais s\u00e3o determinadas pelo design da c\u00e9lula e pelo tamanho do misturador.  <strong>Um procedimento intensivo de mistura \u00e9 utilizado para misturar a seco o material activo n\u00e3o condutor e o carbono antes de adicionar o solvente de revestimento e o aglutinante.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c674d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76c674d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A mistura \u00e9 misturada a seco para dar um revestimento uniforme das part\u00edculas do material activo com uma pel\u00edcula fina do carbono condutor de modo a que o contacto el\u00e9ctrico entre o AM e a grelha colectora de corrente (folha de alum\u00ednio, 20 mm de espessura) seja melhorado, garantindo assim o pleno aproveitamento de todo o AM.  <strong>O pol\u00edmero NMP \u00e9 dissolvido no solvente do revestimento em um recipiente separado. A mistura a seco  <\/strong><strong>e a solu\u00e7\u00e3o de solvente s\u00e3o ent\u00e3o combinados para formar um chorume.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7147dc4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7147dc4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>As adi\u00e7\u00f5es de solventes s\u00e3o utilizadas para ajustar a viscosidade da lama (ou tinta) para <\/strong>a opera\u00e7\u00e3o de<strong>revestimento <\/strong>.  O<strong>polivinilenodifluoreto de vinilo (PVdF) \u00e9 o ligante de elei\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong> e o  <strong>O solvente \u00e9 N-metilpyrollidinona (NMP).  <\/strong>O chorume da opera\u00e7\u00e3o de mistura \u00e9 colocado em recipientes selados, que servem como reservat\u00f3rio e meio de transfer\u00eancia para as opera\u00e7\u00f5es de revestimento. Quantidades precisas de polpa de revestimento s\u00e3o bombeadas do recipiente de armazenamento com uma bomba de engrenagem, ou bomba de precis\u00e3o similar, para evitar qualquer arrastamento de ar no fluido que vai para o cabe\u00e7ote de revestimento.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-644b7c43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"644b7c43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A mistura de \u00e2nodos<\/strong> \u00e9 preparada de forma semelhante com carbono duro, ligante PVdF e NMP. Esta mistura \u00e9 revestida sobre uma folha de cobre utilizada como grelha (10 mm de espessura).  <\/p><p>O revestimento \u00e9 feito em ambos os lados at\u00e9 cerca de 100 mm de espessura, tanto para \u00e2nodos como para c\u00e1todos. Diminuindo a espessura do revestimento consegue-se um aumento na \u00e1rea total da superf\u00edcie para um volume definido da c\u00e9lula. Os eletr\u00f3litos org\u00e2nicos utilizados possuem menor condutividade em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com os aquosos e, portanto, esta maior superf\u00edcie facilitar\u00e1 uma c\u00e9lula de descarga de alta pot\u00eancia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55833c27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55833c27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A espessura do el\u00e9ctrodo depende da pot\u00eancia m\u00e1xima necess\u00e1ria.  <strong>Uma caracter\u00edstica \u00fanica da tecnologia de fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de baterias de \u00edons de l\u00edtio<\/strong> \u00e9 que ela permite uma ampla gama de projetos de rela\u00e7\u00e3o pot\u00eancia\/energia com a mesma tecnologia de fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de eletrodos  <em>[Broussely, Nazri pp 651].<\/em>  Mas a recolha de corrente e as separa\u00e7\u00f5es adequadas, a forma e o design das c\u00e9lulas s\u00e3o importantes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1944cfbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1944cfbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Montagem de c\u00e9lulas:<\/strong> A folha revestida passa por um forno para evaporar o solvente e deixar uma quantidade precisa de massa ativa sobre a folha. Muitos solventes de revestimento s\u00e3o classificados como perigosos e n\u00e3o podem ser liberados para a atmosfera. Como medida de economia de custos, o solvente \u00e9 geralmente recuperado para reutiliza\u00e7\u00e3o no processo. Para evitar qualquer contamina\u00e7\u00e3o do ambiente, o solvente pode ser incinerado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d1e7bcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d1e7bcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A maioria das c\u00e9lulas de \u00edons de l\u00edtio s\u00e3o de forma cil\u00edndrica. O rolo de geleia \u00e9 <strong>achatado para obter elementos para as<\/strong> c\u00e9lulas <strong>prism\u00e1ticas<\/strong>.<\/p><p>As c\u00e9lulas prism\u00e1ticas s\u00e3o favor\u00e1veis para um melhor enchimento do volume, mas s\u00e3o suscept\u00edveis de inchar ao ciclismo ou ao envelhecimento. As latas de c\u00e9lulas cil\u00edndricas oferecem melhor resist\u00eancia mec\u00e2nica, boa estabilidade dimensional e press\u00e3o uniforme nos elementos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-258fe2ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"258fe2ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A opera\u00e7\u00e3o de revestimento produz revestimento interrompido para corresponder ao comprimento da bobina. As bobinadeiras s\u00e3o projetadas para operar automaticamente para uso com rolos jumbo secos de c\u00e1todos e \u00e2nodos e separador (25mm ou menos de espessura, seja PP ou PE ou misto).  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bd16949 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5bd16949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As opera\u00e7\u00f5es come\u00e7am por soldar as abas na sec\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o revestida das folhas. A m\u00e1quina enroladora corta ent\u00e3o a tira no comprimento adequado e enrola a combina\u00e7\u00e3o anode-separador-c\u00e1todo em uma bobina apertada ou bobina em forma de geleia. \u00c0 medida que o n\u00facleo enrolado aumenta de di\u00e2metro, a m\u00e1quina de enrolar compensa automaticamente para manter uma tens\u00e3o constante \u00e0 medida que a bobina aumenta de di\u00e2metro para uma toler\u00e2ncia pr\u00f3xima ao di\u00e2metro. O vento el\u00edptico para as c\u00e9lulas prism\u00e1ticas \u00e9 um processo mais complexo e mais lento.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dfab3ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6dfab3ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ap\u00f3s o enrolamento, a bobina \u00e9 verificada quanto \u00e0 exist\u00eancia de cal\u00e7\u00f5es internos antes de ser inserida na lata. As latas de a\u00e7o devem ser limpas e niqueladas para proporcionar uma superf\u00edcie est\u00e1vel e minimizar a corros\u00e3o da lata antes da montagem da c\u00e9lula. O chumbo an\u00f3dico \u00e9 soldado ao fundo da lata e o chumbo cat\u00f3dico \u00e9 soldado ao respiro de seguran\u00e7a. O electr\u00f3lito \u00e9 adicionado \u00e0 c\u00e9lula semi-montada. A montagem \u00e9 terminada com o engaste da tampa superior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fc138eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fc138eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A rejei\u00e7\u00e3o precoce de poss\u00edveis falhas celulares \u00e9 uma medida econ\u00f4mica e evita mais trabalho com c\u00e9lulas ruins. A bobina \u00e9 inserida na lata para que a lata proporcione uma press\u00e3o constante para manter os componentes do elemento juntos, eliminando assim qualquer possibilidade de vazios entre eles. Alguns fabricantes podem inserir um mandril para estabilizar o centro da bobina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4953c654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4953c654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A menos que todas as opera\u00e7\u00f5es sejam realizadas em um <strong>\n  <u>quarto seco ou caixa seca<\/u>\n<\/strong>A \u00e1gua absorvida nos materiais activos deve ser removida por calor e v\u00e1cuo antes do processo de enchimento do electr\u00f3lito.<\/p><p>O preenchimento preciso a v\u00e1cuo do eletr\u00f3lito \u00e9 feito para garantir que o eletr\u00f3lito penetre e preencha completamente a porosidade dispon\u00edvel no separador e nas estruturas do eletrodo. Bombas de precis\u00e3o medem o volume calculado de electr\u00f3lito necess\u00e1rio para um bom funcionamento celular. Invariavelmente todos os fabricantes empregam o <u>LiPF6 (um composto inorg\u00e2nico cristalino branco)<\/u> como o eletr\u00f3lito e os carbonatos c\u00edclicos (EC, carbonato de etileno) ou carbonatos lineares (DMC, dimetil carbonato, DEC, carbonato de dietila, ou EMC, etil-mettil carbonato, etc.) s\u00e3o os solventes para este sal eletrol\u00edtico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d4ca21b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d4ca21b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Electr\u00f3litos \u00e0 base de misturas de solventes de carbonato de etileno (EC) com carbonato de dimetilo (DMC) e\/ou carbonato de dietilo (DEC) s\u00e3o normalmente utilizados para baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio em combina\u00e7\u00e3o com catodos de &#8220;4 V&#8221; (cobalato, n\u00edquel e manganato) devido ao elevado potencial de oxida\u00e7\u00e3o dos solventes.<\/p><p>Ap\u00f3s encher a c\u00e9lula com electr\u00f3lito, a c\u00e9lula \u00e9 selada por compress\u00e3o controlada de uma junta de pol\u00edmero ou anel isolante colocado entre a lata da c\u00e9lula e a placa superior. A press\u00e3o sobre a junta de veda\u00e7\u00e3o em pol\u00edmero \u00e9 controlada para mant\u00ea-la dentro do limite el\u00e1stico do pol\u00edmero. Se os limites el\u00e1sticos forem ultrapassados, o pol\u00edmero flui a frio e compromete o selo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86458ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86458ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cada fabricante utiliza uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o mec\u00e2nica um pouco diferente para selar as c\u00e9lulas, mas os resultados finais s\u00e3o essencialmente id\u00eanticos. Normalmente, forma-se um ombro ou um parapeito perto do topo da cela. Isto serve como base para a veda\u00e7\u00e3o e para manter o rolo de gelatina no lugar e evitar a telescopagem ou mudan\u00e7a de posi\u00e7\u00e3o da bobina enrolada sob a influ\u00eancia de vibra\u00e7\u00e3o e choque.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3afd9c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3afd9c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Qualquer mudan\u00e7a de posi\u00e7\u00e3o causa uma mudan\u00e7a na distribui\u00e7\u00e3o atual e resulta em uma m\u00e1 vida \u00fatil do ciclo ou revestimento de l\u00edtio em c\u00e9lulas de alto desempenho. A veda\u00e7\u00e3o da placa superior da c\u00e9lula cont\u00e9m um respiro, um elemento de coeficiente de temperatura positiva (PTC) e um dispositivo de seguran\u00e7a com interrup\u00e7\u00e3o de corrente (CID). Tanto o CID como o PTC s\u00e3o dispositivos de seguran\u00e7a concebidos para activar e prevenir o desenvolvimento de temperaturas e press\u00f5es perigosas no interior da c\u00e9lula. Cada lote de dispositivos \u00e9 verificado antes da incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o no conjunto superior para verificar o funcionamento adequado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13abda1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13abda1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ap\u00f3s a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o do selo, as c\u00e9lulas podem ser lavadas, revestidas e etiquetadas. Eles recebem um n\u00famero de s\u00e9rie para rastrear o dia de fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o e identificar todos os componentes da c\u00e9lula (materiais do eletrodo, eletr\u00f3lito, separador e similares). As informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre capacidade e tens\u00e3o s\u00e3o armazenadas com o n\u00famero de c\u00e9lulas e usadas posteriormente para combinar c\u00e9lulas para a montagem da embalagem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70bbda64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70bbda64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As c\u00e9lulas podem ser soldadas a laser com selos de vidro a metal para fornecer selos herm\u00e9ticos de longa dura\u00e7\u00e3o. Com as c\u00e9lulas maiores, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio ter mais cuidado para garantir um funcionamento seguro, mesmo em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de abuso.<br>Enquanto os processos acima s\u00e3o descritos para pequenas c\u00e9lulas seladas usadas em eletr\u00f4nica port\u00e1til, o processo para baterias industriais maiores para armazenamento de energia, espa\u00e7o e aplica\u00e7\u00f5es EV seguem o mesmo esquema geral.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-171660a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"171660a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-24adf9a\" data-id=\"24adf9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78fe0f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"78fe0f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio - Forma\u00e7\u00e3o e envelhecimento<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abd312d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abd312d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Conforme montados, os \u00edons Li n\u00e3o s\u00e3o dopados no \u00e2nodo de carbono e, portanto, a c\u00e9lula n\u00e3o apresenta voltagem. Durante a carga inicial, uma parte dos \u00edons Li do PAM LiCoO2 n\u00e3o \u00e9 dopada para se tornar Li1-xCoO2 e esses \u00edons de l\u00edtio s\u00e3o dopados no \u00e2nodo de carbono (<sub>Cy<\/sub>) para se tornarem LixCy. Quando a tens\u00e3o de carga atinge 4,1 a 4,2 V, o valor de <em>x<\/em> \u00e9 cerca de 0,5. (ou seja, 50%) indicando que 50% da Li do LiCoO2 foi utilizada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9327852 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9327852\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Outro aspecto a ser notado \u00e9 que uma parte dos \u00edons de l\u00edtio dopados n\u00e3o retorna e permanece no \u00e2nodo. onde, os i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio <em>x-dx<\/em> ficam sem contribuir para a capacidade. Isto \u00e9 cerca de 10 a 20 % de l\u00edtio irrevers\u00edvel, o que significa que a efici\u00eancia da carga inicial \u00e9 de 80 a 90 %. A partir do segundo ciclo, a quantidade irrevers\u00edvel n\u00e3o aumenta e a c\u00e9lula mostra a capacidade de 100 % projetada pelo fabricante.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-304e1db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"304e1db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ap\u00f3s a lavagem e o revestimento, mas antes do in\u00edcio do processo de forma\u00e7\u00e3o, a voltagem e imped\u00e2ncia de todas as c\u00e9lulas s\u00e3o registradas para classificar quaisquer c\u00e9lulas defeituosas. As c\u00e9lulas s\u00e3o ent\u00e3o carregadas pela primeira vez<\/p><p>(carga inicial ou carga de forma\u00e7\u00e3o). As condi\u00e7\u00f5es da primeira taxa s\u00e3o importantes por pelo menos duas raz\u00f5es:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-190663b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"190663b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>1) a<strong> camada<\/strong> <strong>s\u00f3lida interf\u00e1sica do eletr\u00f3lito <\/strong><strong>(SEI) se forma<\/strong> no \u00e2nodo para proteg\u00ea-lo de reagir espontaneamente com o eletr\u00f3lito durante o funcionamento normal da c\u00e9lula, e 2) estabelece o bom contato el\u00e9trico entre os materiais ativos e o eletr\u00f3lito. A primeira carga segue o procedimento recomendado pelo fabricante para carregar as c\u00e9lulas, mas muitas vezes come\u00e7a com uma corrente mais baixa e depois aumenta para a corrente de carga normal a cerca de um ter\u00e7o do caminho para o per\u00edodo de carga. As c\u00e9lulas podem continuar a circular dentro dos limites de tens\u00e3o de carga e descarga durante um ou dois ciclos ap\u00f3s a forma\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c0518b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c0518b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ap\u00f3s a forma\u00e7\u00e3o ou ciclagem, a tens\u00e3o e a capacidade da c\u00e9lula s\u00e3o medidas e armazenadas para uso posterior no <strong>processo de sele\u00e7\u00e3o da<\/strong> <strong>c\u00e9lula<\/strong>. O <strong>per\u00edodo de envelhecimento<\/strong> varia entre duas semanas e um m\u00eas, dependendo do fabricante. A tens\u00e3o das c\u00e9lulas \u00e9 medida novamente ap\u00f3s o armazenamento. As diferen\u00e7as de tens\u00e3o no in\u00edcio e no final do per\u00edodo de armazenamento s\u00e3o utilizadas para classificar as c\u00e9lulas com shorts &#8220;macios&#8221; ou &#8220;micro&#8221;. As c\u00e9lulas com curtos-circuitos internos ter\u00e3o uma tens\u00e3o mais baixa ap\u00f3s o armazenamento e se separar\u00e3o da tens\u00e3o normal e da distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de capacidade. Pode ser necess\u00e1rio evacuar as c\u00e9lulas maiores ap\u00f3s a forma\u00e7\u00e3o para remover os gases de forma\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e88832b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e88832b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Para uma descri\u00e7\u00e3o detalhada do processo de montagem, os leitores s\u00e3o encaminhados para<\/em><\/p><ul><li><em>Kaoru Nakajima e Yoshio Nishi Cap\u00edtulo 5 in: Energy Storage Systems for Electronics, Ed Tetsuya Osaka e Madhav Datta, Gordon and Reach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 2000.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Lithium-Ion Cell Production Processes, Ralph J. Brodd e Kazuo Tagawa, Cap\u00edtulo 9 in: Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries, Walter A. van Schalkwijk e Bruno Scrosati (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Nova York, pp. 273, 2002.<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b2f8cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b2f8cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><em>Baterias de l\u00edtio, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Ed. por G. A. Nazri e G. Pistoia, Springer, Nova Iorque, 2009.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Lithium-Ion Batteries, Reiner Korthauer (ed) (2018), Traduzido por Michael Wuest et.al., Springer, 2018.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Kazuo Tagawa e Ralph J. Brodd, Processos de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o para Fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de Baterias de \u00cdons de L\u00edtio em Baterias de \u00cdons de L\u00edtio, Yoshio M., Brodd R.J., Kozawa A. (eds) Springer, Nova Iorque, NY. https: \/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-34445-4_8]<\/em><\/li><li><em>Zhang Z., Ramadass P. (2012) Lithium-Ion Battery Systems and Technology. Para dentro: Meyers R.A. (ed) Encyclopaedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, Nova lorque. https: \/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-0851-3_663<\/em><\/li><li><em>The Handbook of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Design Chemistry, Components, Types and Terminology, John Warner, Elsevier, 2018<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Como funciona a bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio A percep\u00e7\u00e3o no dom\u00ednio p\u00fablico \u00e9 que as baterias de chumbo-\u00e1cido s\u00e3o tecnologia antiga. A bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio tem uma percep\u00e7\u00e3o diferente, \u00e9 moderna, mais limpa, tem 3 ou 4 vezes a densidade de energia e uma dura\u00e7\u00e3o de ciclo mais longa. Com tudo isto, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24296,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[381],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35642","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-quimica-pt-br"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35642","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35642"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35642\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":66639,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35642\/revisions\/66639"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24296"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35642"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35642"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35642"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}