{"id":47131,"date":"2026-02-28T08:00:27","date_gmt":"2026-02-28T02:30:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/flutuacao-de-carga\/"},"modified":"2024-02-17T17:11:58","modified_gmt":"2024-02-17T11:41:58","slug":"flutuacao-de-carga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/flutuacao-de-carga\/","title":{"rendered":"Carregamento por flutua\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"47131\" class=\"elementor elementor-47131 elementor-43993\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ab0e0e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ab0e0e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-17bfea7\" data-id=\"17bfea7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0a09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dfd0a09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baterias de Espera e Carregamento Flutuante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51238af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51238af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As baterias utilizadas no fornecimento de energia de emerg\u00eancia para equipamentos de telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o ininterrupta (UPS), etc., s\u00e3o continuamente carregadas (ou flutuadas) a uma tens\u00e3o constante igual a OCV + x mV. O valor de x depende do design e do fabricante do Standby. Normalmente, o valor de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o ser\u00e1 de 2,23 a 2,30 V por c\u00e9lula. Uma bateria em servi\u00e7o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 uma bateria sujeita a carga cont\u00ednua e \u00e9 chamada para funcionar apenas em caso de interrup\u00e7\u00f5es de energia. Este valor de potencial constante \u00e9 suficiente para mant\u00ea-los em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de carga total. Al\u00e9m de carregar para compensar a descarga anterior, a carga de potencial constante (CP) compensa os processos de autodescarga que ocorrem quando a bateria est\u00e1 ociosa.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9119927 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9119927\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Como funciona o carregador de b\u00f3ia?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ff5921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ff5921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um carregador flutuante carrega continuamente as baterias em tens\u00f5es predefinidas, independentemente do estado de carga. O aparelho n\u00e3o est\u00e1 desconectado do carregador. As condi\u00e7\u00f5es locais, como cortes de energia e temperatura ambiente, ser\u00e3o consideradas para decidir sobre uma regula\u00e7\u00e3o mais exacta da tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o. A capacidade \u00e9 o aspecto mais importante deste cen\u00e1rio. O carregador tamb\u00e9m pode ter um dispositivo de refor\u00e7o para preparar a bateria para o pr\u00f3ximo corte de energia onde houver queda de energia freq\u00fcente.<\/p>\n<p>As condi\u00e7\u00f5es de carregamento s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96df27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96df27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Tipo de carregamento: Potencial constante a 2,25 a 2,30 V por c\u00e9lula, com uma compensa\u00e7\u00e3o de temperatura de &#8211; mV a &#8211; 3 mV por c\u00e9lula<\/li>\n<li>Corrente inicial: M\u00e1ximo de 20 a 40% da capacidade nominal<\/li>\n<li>Tempo de carga: cont\u00ednuo, independentemente do SOC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Alguns fabricantes dizem que o carregamento de baterias de chumbo-\u00e1cido \u00e9 mais eficiente na faixa de 15-30\u00b0C e que n\u00e3o \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria compensa\u00e7\u00e3o de temperatura se a temperatura ambiente estiver na faixa de 0 a 40\u00b0C. Caso contr\u00e1rio, um circuito de compensa\u00e7\u00e3o de temperatura incorporado para aumentar a efici\u00eancia da carga pode ser considerado. \u00c9 desej\u00e1vel uma compensa\u00e7\u00e3o de temperatura de menos 2 a menos 3 mV por <sup>oC<\/sup>por c\u00e9lula, com base em 20-25\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-163d3bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"163d3bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tabela seguinte \u00e9 um guia para a compensa\u00e7\u00e3o de temperatura.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>Tabela 1. Compensa\u00e7\u00e3o de temperatura para tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o para uma bateria de 12 V<\/p>\n<p>[http:\/\/ www. eastpenn-deka.com\/assets\/base\/0139.pdf]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca28264 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca28264\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table width=\"249\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"109\">\n<p>Temperatura, \u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"140\">\n<p>Tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o, Volts<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"68\">\n<p>Optimum<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">\n<p>M\u00e1ximo<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">\n<p>  \u2265 49<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"68\">\n<p>12.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">\n<p>13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">\n<p>44-48<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"68\">\n<p>12.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">\n<p>13.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">\n<p>38-43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"68\">\n<p>13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">\n<p>13.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">\n<p>32-37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"68\">\n<p>13.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">\n<p>13.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">\n<p>27-31<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"68\">\n<p>13.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">\n<p>13.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">\n<p>21-26<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"68\">\n<p>13.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">\n<p>13.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">\n<p>16-20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"68\">\n<p>13.55<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">\n<p>13.85<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">\n<p>10-15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"68\">\n<p>13.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">\n<p>14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">\n<p>05-09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"68\">\n<p>13.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">\n<p>14.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">\n<p>\u2264 4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"68\">\n<p>14.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"72\">\n<p>14.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c61517d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c61517d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O que \u00e9 a carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o e o aumento da carga?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5496495 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5496495\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O equipamento de carregamento pode estar tendo duas taxas de carga normalmente. E s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carregamento de impulso r\u00e1pido<\/li>\n<li>Carregamento por gotejamento<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As instala\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o normalmente incorporadas para um r\u00e1pido refor\u00e7o para recarregar a bateria ap\u00f3s uma descarga de emerg\u00eancia. A parte impulsionadora tem invariavelmente uma sa\u00edda de at\u00e9 2,70 V por c\u00e9lula para recarregar a bateria para um tipo inundado e at\u00e9 2,4 a 2,45 para baterias VRLA. A sa\u00edda de carga trickle \u00e9 capaz de compensar a auto-descarga e outras perdas internas da bateria, a um n\u00edvel de voltagem de 2,25 V por c\u00e9lula. As sa\u00eddas necess\u00e1rias, em termos de corrente, depender\u00e3o do tamanho da bateria.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaf3936 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aaf3936\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esta\u00e7\u00e3o de carga de prateleira flutuante<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0df442c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0df442c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Para baterias que n\u00e3o puderam ser enviadas durante v\u00e1rias semanas, h\u00e1 a necessidade de manter a bateria totalmente carregada at\u00e9 o embarque. Para tais baterias, h\u00e1 duas op\u00e7\u00f5es de carga por gotejamento quando se espera na prateleira. Ou v\u00e1rias baterias s\u00e3o ligadas em s\u00e9rie e carregadas a uma densidade de corrente de 40 a 100 mA\/100 Ah de capacidade nominal ou pode haver v\u00e1rios circuitos individuais para carregar cada bateria separadamente. Todas essas baterias s\u00e3o carregadas em flutua\u00e7\u00e3o um pouco acima do seu OCV, como discutido acima.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4d6a3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4d6a3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baterias AGM VRLA de carga flutuante<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af4d6a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af4d6a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A carga flutuante das <a href=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/produtos-de-pilhas\/2v-agm-vrla-bateria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">baterias AGM<\/a> n\u00e3o \u00e9 diferente da carga flutuante das baterias convencionais inundadas. Mas h\u00e1 v\u00e1rias diferen\u00e7as no funcionamento do processo de carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o que ocorre nas duas variedades.  <br \/>As baterias VRLA t\u00eam baixa resist\u00eancia interna e, portanto, podem aceitar muito bem a carga na parte inicial do per\u00edodo de carga.<br \/>Um carregador com potencial constante, regulado por voltagem e compensado por temperatura \u00e9 o melhor carregador para baterias VRLA.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de060ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de060ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tens\u00e3o de carga do flutuador CP \u00e9 normalmente de 2,25 a 2,30 V por c\u00e9lula. N\u00e3o h\u00e1 limite para a corrente de carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o. Mas, para uma carga de impulso com uma tens\u00e3o CP de 14,4 a 14,7 para baterias VRLA, uma corrente m\u00e1xima inicial de 30 a 40 por cento da capacidade nominal em amperes \u00e9 estipulada pela maioria dos fabricantes (tanto do tipo inundado como do tipo VRLA). Uma varia\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00b1 1 % no valor da tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o e \u00b1 3 % para a tens\u00e3o de carga de impulso s\u00e3o prescritos pela maioria dos fabricantes.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a172d92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a172d92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>[1. https:\/\/www.thebatteryshop.co.uk\/ekmps\/shops\/thebatteryshop\/resources\/Other\/tbs-np65-12i-datasheet.pdf 2. https:\/\/www.sbsbattery.com\/media\/pdf\/Battery-STT12V100.pdf 3. https:\/\/eu.industrial.panasonic.com\/sites\/default\/pidseu\/files\/downloads\/files\/id_vrla_handbook_e.pdf]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342b63e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342b63e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Efeitos da temperatura na vida de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o das baterias VRLA<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc23244 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc23244\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A temperatura tem uma influ\u00eancia tremenda na vida \u00fatil das baterias de chumbo \u00e1cido regulado por v\u00e1lvula. Para cada 10\u00b0C de aumento na temperatura de opera\u00e7\u00e3o, a expectativa de vida \u00e9 reduzida pela metade. Os n\u00fameros apresentados abaixo confirmam este facto. A vida do flutuador a 20\u00b0C \u00e9 de cerca de 10 anos para um determinado produto Panasonic. Mas a 30\u00b0C, a vida \u00e9 de cerca de 5 anos. Da mesma forma, a vida a 40\u00b0C \u00e9 de cerca de 2 anos e 6 meses [Figure 10 in https:\/\/eu.industrial.panasonic.com\/sites\/default\/pidseu\/files\/downloads\/files\/id_vrla_handbook_e.pdf].  <\/p>\n<p>P\u00e1gina 6 em http:\/\/ news.yuasa. co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/SWL-Shortform.pdf].<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfacd71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cfacd71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Por isso, se um consumidor quiser optar por uma bateria nova, ele deve levar em considera\u00e7\u00e3o a temperatura ambiente m\u00e9dia e a vida \u00fatil a essa temperatura. Se ele quer uma bateria para durar 5 anos a 30 a 35oC, ele deve ir para uma bateria projetada para 10 anos de vida a 20oC.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e89f38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e89f38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee4bcdf\" data-id=\"ee4bcdf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1827151 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1827151\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Float-charging-Fig-1-plz9rvi5m72c7g70sypg8yvhv58jl897gnhaj73axc.jpg\" title=\"Carga flutuante Fig 1\" alt=\"Vida \u00fatil de carga flutuante a diferentes temperaturas\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49bea94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49bea94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fig 1 Vida flutuante a diferentes temperaturas dos produtos Panasonic VR<br \/>https:\/\/eu.industrial.panasonic.com\/sites\/default\/pidseu\/files\/downloads\/files\/id_vrla_handbook_e.pdf<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b62d49a\" data-id=\"b62d49a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e584f05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e584f05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Float-charging-Fig-2-plz9rfiwe0ggq2u8e9sskkwnrlfaydhrqge1dhqzv4.jpg\" title=\"Carga flutuante Fig. 2\" alt=\"Float life at different temperatures\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05ccabd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05ccabd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fig 2 Vida flutuante a diferentes temperaturas dos produtos Yuasa (UK) VR<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/news.yuasa.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/SWL-Shortform.pdf<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95574bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95574bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>British Standard 6240-4:1997, d\u00e1 a depend\u00eancia da vida da temperatura entre 20 e 40\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vida c\u00edclica das baterias VRLA<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bcf469 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bcf469\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a vida \u00fatil do flutuador, a vida \u00fatil c\u00edclica das baterias VR ser\u00e1 menor, devido \u00e0 quantidade de materiais ativos utilizados por ciclo. Em funcionamento flutuante, as baterias s\u00e3o chamadas para fornecer energia apenas quando h\u00e1 interrup\u00e7\u00f5es de energia. Mas, no modo c\u00edclico, a bateria \u00e9 descarregada at\u00e9 \u00e0 profundidade de descarga necess\u00e1ria<strong>(DOD<\/strong>) de cada vez e carregada imediatamente. Esta descarga seguida da carga \u00e9 denominada de <strong>&#8220;ciclo&#8221;.<\/strong> A vida do ciclo depende da quantidade de materiais convertidos por ciclo, ou seja, DOD. Quanto mais baixa a convers\u00e3o, mais alta \u00e9 a vida. A tabela seguinte mostra a vida \u00fatil dos produtos Panasonic VRLA at\u00e9 60 % e 80 % de capacidade DOD em fim de vida para tr\u00eas n\u00edveis de DOD.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2f8617 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2f8617\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tabela 2. Ciclos de vida aproximados dos produtos Panasonic VRLA a 60 % e 80 % de fim de vida DOD para tr\u00eas DODs a uma temperatura ambiente de 25oC. [Adaptado de  <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/eu.industrial.panasonic.com\/sites\/default\/pidseu\/files\/downloads\/files\/id_vrla_handbook_e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/eu.industrial.panasonic.com\/sites\/default\/pidseu\/files\/downloads\/files\/id_vrla_handbook_e.pdf<\/a> Figura na p\u00e1gina 22<strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1dbc74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1dbc74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>DOD ao fim da vida<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"151\">\n<p>Ciclos de vida a 100% DOD<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"151\">\n<p>Ciclos de vida a 50 % DOD<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"151\">\n<p>Ciclos de vida a 30 % DOD<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>Vida at\u00e9 60 % DOD<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"151\">\n<p>300<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"151\">\n<p>550<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"151\">\n<p>1250<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>Vida at\u00e9 80 % DOD<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"151\">\n<p>250<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"151\">\n<p>450  <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"151\">\n<p>950<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6f5f17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6f5f17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Temperatura e corrente de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tabela 3. Corrente de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o a <u>2,3 V por c\u00e9lula<\/u> para tr\u00eas tipos de c\u00e9lulas de chumbo-\u00e1cido a diferentes temperaturas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>[<\/strong><strong>[Adaptado de C&amp;D Technologies <\/strong>https:\/\/www. cdtechno. com\/pdf\/ref\/41_2128_0212.pdf<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figura 19, P\u00e1gina 22]<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d610dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d610dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p><strong>Temperatura, <\/strong><strong>\u00b0<\/strong><strong>C<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p><strong>Corrente aproximada, mA por Ah20<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<p>C\u00e9lulas de c\u00e1lcio inundadas<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>0.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>0.35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>0.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>0.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>1.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<p>C\u00e9lulas Gelled VR<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>0.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>0.75<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>1.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<p>C\u00e9lulas AGM VR<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>1.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>3.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<p>15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0858608 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0858608\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Teste de adequa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 opera\u00e7\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o [<\/strong>IEC 60896-21 e 22:2004<strong>]<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>O IEC <\/strong>fornece um procedimento de teste para verificar a adequa\u00e7\u00e3o das c\u00e9lulas VR \u00e0 opera\u00e7\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o. As c\u00e9lulas ou baterias devem ser sujeitas a uma tens\u00e3o flutuante de VFloat que deve ser especificada pelo fabricante na faixa t\u00edpica de 2,23 a 2,30 VOLTS PER CELL. A voltagem inicial de cada c\u00e9lula ou bateria monobloco deve ser medida e anotada. Ap\u00f3s 3 meses, a tens\u00e3o de cada c\u00e9lula ou bateria monobloco deve ser medida e anotada. Ap\u00f3s 6 meses de opera\u00e7\u00e3o flutuante, as c\u00e9lulas ou monoblocos devem ser submetidos ao teste de capacidade. A capacidade real na descarga deve ser maior ou igual \u00e0 capacidade nominal.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21c32a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21c32a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Varia\u00e7\u00e3o da tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o de c\u00e9lula a c\u00e9lula<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Devido \u00e0s vari\u00e1veis inerentes ao processo, as tens\u00f5es das c\u00e9lulas individuais ou das baterias variam necessariamente em uma faixa de tens\u00e3o de opera\u00e7\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o. As pequenas diferen\u00e7as nos par\u00e2metros internos das placas como o peso dos materiais ativos, a porosidade dos materiais ativos e as diferen\u00e7as na compress\u00e3o das placas e na compress\u00e3o AGM, varia\u00e7\u00e3o no volume do eletr\u00f3lito, etc., causam esta varia\u00e7\u00e3o. Mesmo com rigorosos controles de qualidade (tanto em materiais quanto em controles de processo nas opera\u00e7\u00f5es da unidade), os produtos VR mostram varia\u00e7\u00f5es de c\u00e9lula para c\u00e9lula resultando em distribui\u00e7\u00e3o &#8220;bimodal&#8221; das tens\u00f5es celulares durante a opera\u00e7\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42dba56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42dba56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em uma c\u00e9lula convencional com excesso de eletr\u00f3lito inundado, as duas placas carregam independentemente uma da outra. Os gases oxig\u00e9nio e hidrog\u00e9nio t\u00eam baixas taxas de difus\u00e3o em solu\u00e7\u00f5es de \u00e1cido sulf\u00farico. Os gases evolu\u00edram durante a sa\u00edda de carga das c\u00e9lulas porque n\u00e3o t\u00eam tempo suficiente para interagir com as placas.<\/p>\n<p>Nas c\u00e9lulas VRLA o fen\u00f3meno do ciclo do oxig\u00e9nio torna este quadro complexo. Como no caso das c\u00e9lulas inundadas, a decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua ocorre na placa positiva; tamb\u00e9m ocorre corros\u00e3o na grelha. Embora alguns gases de oxig\u00e9nio escapem das c\u00e9lulas VR nas fases iniciais da carga da b\u00f3ia (devido a condi\u00e7\u00f5es de n\u00e3o estar faminto), a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de traject\u00f3rias de g\u00e1s ocorre ap\u00f3s o n\u00edvel de satura\u00e7\u00e3o reduzir-se dos n\u00edveis iniciais de 90 a 95 % para n\u00edveis mais baixos.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dae08b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4dae08b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Agora, a reac\u00e7\u00e3o inversa da decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua que ocorreu na placa positiva come\u00e7a a ter lugar na placa negativa:<\/p>\n<p>Decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua em PP: 2H2O \u2192 4H+ + O2 \u2191 + 4e-&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. (1)<\/p>\n<p>Redu\u00e7\u00e3o de O2 (= recombina\u00e7\u00e3o de O2) no NP: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- \u2192 2H2O + (Calor) &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. (2)<\/p>\n<p>  [2Pb + O2 + 2H2SO4 \u2192 2PbSO4 + 2H2O+ Calor] &#8230;&#8230;.. (3)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>Os seguintes pontos podem ser observados a partir das rea\u00e7\u00f5es acima:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86b37dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86b37dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>V\u00ea-se que o resultado l\u00edquido \u00e9 a convers\u00e3o da energia el\u00e9ctrica em calor.<\/li>\n<li>Assim, quando uma bateria VR entra na fase de ciclo de oxig\u00e9nio, as baterias tornam-se mais quentes.<\/li>\n<li>O oxig\u00e9nio gasoso n\u00e3o se perde para a atmosfera<\/li>\n<li>O chumbo no NAM \u00e9 convertido em sulfato de chumbo e assim o potencial do NP torna-se mais positivo; isto resultar\u00e1 na preven\u00e7\u00e3o da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do hidrog\u00e9nio<\/li>\n<li>Para compensar a diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da tens\u00e3o NP, as placas positivas tornam-se mais positivas e ocorre mais evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do oxig\u00e9nio e corros\u00e3o (para que a tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o aplicada n\u00e3o seja alterada). O oxig\u00e9nio assim produzido ser\u00e1 reduzido no NP, o que resulta num potencial mais positivo para o NP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7792761 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7792761\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devido ao consumo de corrente para recombina\u00e7\u00e3o de oxig\u00e9nio, as correntes de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o cerca de tr\u00eas vezes superiores para as baterias VRLA do que para os produtos inundados, como foi apontado por Berndt [D. Berndt, 5th ERA Battery Seminar and Exhibition, Londres, Reino Unido, Abril de 1988, Sess\u00e3o 1, Paper 4. 2. R.F. Nelson em Rand, D.A.J; Moseley, P.T; Garche. J ; Parker, C.D.(Eds.) Valve-Regulated Lead- Acid Batteries, Elsevier, New York, 2004, Chapter 9 , page 258 <em>et seq<\/em>. ].<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6d816de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6d816de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-05798c8\" data-id=\"05798c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec2db33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ec2db33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tabela 4. Carga flutuante: Compara\u00e7\u00e3o das correntes de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o, evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do calor e remo\u00e7\u00e3o de calor para uma bateria ventilada e VRLA<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e55aaad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e55aaad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p><strong>Detalhes<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p><strong>C\u00e9lula inundada<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p><strong>C\u00e9lulas VR<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p><strong>Observa\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>Tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o por c\u00e9lula, Volts<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>2.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>2.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>Mesma tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>Corrente de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o de equil\u00edbrio, mA\/100 Ah<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>Aproximadamente 3 vezes mais em baterias VR<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>Entrada de energia equivalente, mW<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>31,5 mW (2,25 V X 14 mA).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>101,25 mW (2,25 V X 45 mA).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>Aproximadamente 3 vezes mais em baterias VR<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>O calor removido atrav\u00e9s da gaseifica\u00e7\u00e3o, mW<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>20,72 mW (1,48 V X 14 mA). (20.7\/31.5 &#8211; <strong>66 %)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>5,9 (1,48 V x 4 mA)<\/p>\n<p>(5.9\/101.25 = <strong>5.8 %<\/strong>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>Um d\u00e9cimo das c\u00e9lulas inundadas<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>Balan\u00e7o de calor, mW<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>31.5-20.72 = 10.78<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>101.25 \u2013 5.9= 95.35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>Convers\u00e3o da corrente de carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o em calor, porcentagem<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>10.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>95<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"160\">\n<p>Aproximadamente 9 vezes em baterias VR<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-736b5e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"736b5e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Tens\u00e3o de gaseamento e carregamento<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Normalmente, a efici\u00eancia do ciclo de oxig\u00eanio na tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o recomendada recombina todo o oxig\u00eanio gerado na placa positiva para a \u00e1gua na placa negativa e, portanto, n\u00e3o ocorre perda de \u00e1gua ou perda insignificante, e a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do hidrog\u00eanio \u00e9 inibida.<\/p>\n<p>Mas, se a tens\u00e3o ou corrente recomendada for excedida, a gaseifica\u00e7\u00e3o come\u00e7a a ocorrer. Ou seja, a gera\u00e7\u00e3o de oxig\u00eanio excede a capacidade da c\u00e9lula de recombinar o g\u00e1s. Em casos extremos, tanto o hidrog\u00e9nio como o oxig\u00e9nio s\u00e3o evolu\u00eddos e ocorre perda de \u00e1gua, acompanhada de mais gera\u00e7\u00e3o de calor.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6f407c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6f407c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tabela 5. Emiss\u00e3o de g\u00e1s e corrente de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o em diferentes tens\u00f5es de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o da c\u00e9lula eletrol\u00edtica VR gelada, 170 Ah<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>[Adaptado de C&amp;D Technologies www <\/strong>. cdtechno .com\/pdf\/ref\/41_2128_0212.pdf<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figura 17, P\u00e1gina 21]<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">\n<p><strong>Tens\u00e3o de carregamento, Volts<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"107\">\n<p><strong>Gera\u00e7\u00e3o aproximada de g\u00e1s, ml por minuto<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p><strong>Gera\u00e7\u00e3o aproximada de g\u00e1s, ml por Ah por minuto<\/strong><strong>\u00ba<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p><strong>Corrente aproximada, Amperes<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p><strong>Corrente aproximada, miliamperes por Ah\u00ba<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">\n<p>&lt;  2.35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"107\">\n<p>Nulo<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>Nulo<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\"> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">\n<p>2.35 In\u00edcio da gaseifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"107\">\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>0.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>2.35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">\n<p>2.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"107\">\n<p>1.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>0.0088<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>0.45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>2.65<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">\n<p>2.46<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"107\">\n<p>3.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>0.0206<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>0.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>3.53<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">\n<p>2.51<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"107\">\n<p>10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>0.0588<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>1.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>8.24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">\n<p>2.56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"107\">\n<p>24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>0.1412<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">\n<p>17.65<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00ba Valores calculados  <\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69de1ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69de1ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Tens\u00e3o e corrente de carga<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tabela 6. Tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o vs. corrente de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o para baterias VRLA geladas e AGM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>[Adaptado de C&amp;D Technologies www <\/strong>. cdtechno.com \/pdf\/ref\/41_2128_0212.pdf<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figura 18, P\u00e1gina 22]<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"210\">\n<p><strong>Tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o (Volts)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"420\">\n<p><strong>Corrente, mA por Ah<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>Bateria Gelled VR<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>Bateria AGM VR<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>2.20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>0.005<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>0.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>2.225<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>2.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>2.275<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>9.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>2.30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>29<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>2.325<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>39<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>2.35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>46<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>2.375<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>53<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>2.40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>38<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>62<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>2.425<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>2.45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>52<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\n<p>79<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91c70a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91c70a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tabela 7. Corrente de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o para baterias de c\u00e1lcio inundadas, geladas e AGM VRLA a diferentes temperaturas para 2,3 volts por carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o por c\u00e9lula<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>[Adaptado de C&amp;D Technologies www <\/strong>. cdtechno. com\/pdf\/ref\/41_2128_0212.pdf<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figura 19, P\u00e1gina 22]<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\n<p><strong>Temperatura da c\u00e9lula, <\/strong><strong>\u00b0<\/strong><strong>C<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">\n<p><strong>Corrente, mA por Ah20<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Bateria de c\u00e1lcio inundada<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Bateria Gelled VR<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Bateria AGM VR<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.65<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.375<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>35<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.425<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.55<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>4.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>0.875<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>7.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>55<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>3.75<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>11.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>1.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1050c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1050c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o, temperatura de funcionamento e vida \u00fatil<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A sobrecarga a uma tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o superior \u00e0 recomendada ir\u00e1 reduzir drasticamente a vida \u00fatil das baterias. Este gr\u00e1fico mostra o efeito na vida \u00fatil de uma bateria de gel sobrecarregada.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>Tabela 8. Porcentagem de ciclo de vida das c\u00e9lulas de gel versus voltagem de recarga (voltagem recomendada para carga de <strong>2,3 a 2,35 V por c\u00e9lula)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>www. Eastpenn-deka. com\/assets\/base\/0139.pdf<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>Recarga de tens\u00e3o<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"246\">\n<p>Porcentagem de ciclo de vida das c\u00e9lulas de gel<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>Recomendado<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"246\">\n<p>100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>0.3 V mais<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"246\">\n<p>90<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>0,5 mais<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"246\">\n<p>80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">\n<p>0,7 mais<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"246\">\n<p>40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Ron D. Brost [<strong>Ron D. Brost, Proc. D\u00e9cima terceira Conf. Anual de Bateria. Applications and Advances, Calif\u00f3rnia Univ., Long Beach, 1998, pp. 25-29].<\/strong>  relatou os resultados do ciclismo em 12V<\/p>\n<p>VRLA (Delphi) a 80% DOD a 30, 40 e 50<sup> oC<\/sup>. As baterias foram sujeitas a 100% de descarga a 2-h a cada 25 ciclos a 25pC para determinar a capacidade. Os resultados mostram que a vida \u00fatil do ciclo a 30oC \u00e9 de cerca de 475 enquanto, o n\u00famero desce para 360 e 135, aproximadamente a 40 e 50oC, respectivamente.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e12239a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e12239a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1dd8097\" data-id=\"1dd8097\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e62fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e62fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A inter-rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre a tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o, a temperatura de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o e a vida<\/p>\n<p>Figura 3. A depend\u00eancia da vida \u00fatil do flutuador em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 tens\u00e3o e temperatura de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\n<p><strong>[Malcolm Winter,<sup>3rd<\/sup> ERA Battery Seminar, 14 de Janeiro de 1982, Londres, (ERA Report No. 81-102, pp. 3.3.1. para  <\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b8192c8\" data-id=\"b8192c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf4e73e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf4e73e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-3-Float-life-on-float-voltage-pnbwk577a80ias47za37q05v3ax4si46dmd0geg5cg.jpg\" title=\"Figura 3 Vida \u00fatil do flutuador na tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o\" alt=\"Vida \u00fatil do flutuador na tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3da8b82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3da8b82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Aumento do volume do electr\u00f3lito e da temperatura durante a carga da b\u00f3ia<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>O aumento de temperatura durante a carga \u00e9 o menor nas c\u00e9lulas inundadas e o maior nas c\u00e9lulas AGM VR. A raz\u00e3o reside no volume do electr\u00f3lito que os diferentes tipos de c\u00e9lulas t\u00eam. A tabela seguinte ilustra este facto. Devido ao maior volume de eletr\u00f3lito em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com as c\u00e9lulas AGM, as c\u00e9lulas de gel podem suportar uma descarga mais profunda.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27595e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27595e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tabela 9. Tipo de bateria e volumes relativos de electr\u00f3litos<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>sv-zanshin .com\/r\/manuals\/sonnenschein _gel_handbook_part1.pdf]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"461\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<p>C\u00e9lulas inundadas, OPzS<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">\n<p>C\u00e9lulas gelatinosas, c\u00e9lulas Sonnenschein A600<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\n<p>C\u00e9lulas AGM, IIP Absoluto<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"97\">\n<p>C\u00e9lulas gelatinosas, c\u00e9lulas Sonnenschein A400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">\n<p>C\u00e9lulas AGM, Marathon M, FT<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">\n<p>0,85 a 0,99<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\n<p>0,55 a 0,64<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"97\">\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\n<p>0,61 a 0,68<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"97\">\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">\n<p>0,56 a 0,73<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">\n<p>1,5 a 1,7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"97\">\n<p>1.4 a 1.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c123814 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c123814\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>A tens\u00e3o espalhada na carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A tens\u00e3o espalhada em uma seq\u00fc\u00eancia de baterias VR operadas por b\u00f3ia varia em diferentes per\u00edodos ap\u00f3s o in\u00edcio da carga da b\u00f3ia. Inicialmente, quando as c\u00e9lulas est\u00e3o tendo mais eletr\u00f3litos do que a condi\u00e7\u00e3o de fome, as c\u00e9lulas estar\u00e3o experimentando tens\u00f5es mais altas e aquelas com boa recombina\u00e7\u00e3o exibir\u00e3o tens\u00f5es celulares menores (devido \u00e0 diminui\u00e7\u00e3o do potencial negativo das placas); c\u00e9lulas com maior volume de \u00e1cido ter\u00e3o placas negativas polarizadas que exibir\u00e3o tens\u00f5es celulares maiores levando \u00e0 evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do hidrog\u00eanio.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ba6942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ba6942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enquanto a soma de todas as tens\u00f5es individuais das c\u00e9lulas \u00e9 igual \u00e0 tens\u00e3o da cadeia aplicada, as tens\u00f5es individuais das c\u00e9lulas n\u00e3o ser\u00e3o as mesmas para todas; algumas ter\u00e3o tens\u00f5es mais altas (devido \u00e0 condi\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00e3o estar faminto e \u00e0 evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do hidrog\u00eanio) do que a tens\u00e3o por c\u00e9lula impressionada e outras ter\u00e3o tens\u00f5es mais baixas (devido ao ciclo do oxig\u00eanio). Um exemplo<\/p>\n<p>deste fen\u00f3meno \u00e9 dada por Nelson [1]. R.F. Nelson em Rand, D.A.J; Moseley, P.T; Garche. J ; Parker, C.D.(Eds.) Valve-Regulated Lead- Acid Batteries, Elsevier, New York, 2004, Chapter 9 , page 266 <em>et seq<\/em>. 2. R.F. Nelson, Actas do 4\u00ba Semin\u00e1rio Internacional de Bateria de \u00c1cido L\u00edder, S\u00e3o Francisco, CA, EUA, 25-27 de Abril de 1990, pp. 31-60].<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-951c7bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"951c7bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tabela10. Dados de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o de c\u00e9lulas individuais para c\u00e9lulas VR prism\u00e1ticas de 300 Ah em uma matriz de 48-V\/600-Ah flutuaram a 2,28 volts por c\u00e9lula.  <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[R.F. Nelson em Rand, D.A.J; Moseley, P.T; Garche. J ; Parker, C.D.(Eds.) <em>Valve-Regulated Lead- Acid Batteries<\/em>, Elsevier, New York, 2004, Cap\u00edtulo 9 , p\u00e1gina 266 <em>et seq<\/em>].<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<table width=\"717\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"186\">\n<p><strong>Tens\u00e3o original<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"173\">\n<p><strong>Ap\u00f3s 30 dias de carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"172\">\n<p><strong>Ap\u00f3s 78 dias de carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"186\">\n<p><strong>Ap\u00f3s106 dias de carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\">\n<p>Faixa de voltagem, V<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">\n<p>Espalhamento, mV<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">\n<p>Faixa de voltagem, V<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"79\">\n<p>Espalhamento, mV<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">\n<p>Faixa de voltagem, v<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">\n<p>Espalhamento, mV<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\n<p>Faixa de voltagem, V<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">\n<p>Espalhamento, mV<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\">\n<p>2.23 a 2.31<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">\n<p>80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">\n<p>2.21 a 2.37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"79\">\n<p>160<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">\n<p>2.14 a 2.42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">\n<p>280<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\n<p>2.15 a 2.40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">\n<p>250<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-423316c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"423316c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pode-se ver que algumas c\u00e9lulas podem ir para a fase de gaseamento (2,42 V) e algumas inferiores \u00e0 tens\u00e3o impressionada de 2,28 V por c\u00e9lula.<\/p>\n<p>Alguns autores acreditam que as tens\u00f5es celulares estabilizam dentro de seis meses ap\u00f3s a opera\u00e7\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o e a varia\u00e7\u00e3o nas tens\u00f5es celulares estar\u00e1 dentro de \u00b12,5% do valor m\u00e9dio. Isto significa que para o valor m\u00e9dio de 2,3<\/p>\n<p>VOLTA POR C\u00c9LULA, a varia\u00e7\u00e3o estar\u00e1 na faixa de 2,24 &#8211; 2,36 (ou seja, 60mV menos ou mais para opera\u00e7\u00e3o de 2,3V).<strong>[Hans Tuphorn, J. Power Sources, 40 (1992) 47-61<\/strong>].<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf9898c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bf9898c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-fc900a4\" data-id=\"fc900a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e97261 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e97261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 4.  <strong>Varia\u00e7\u00e3o da c\u00e9lula para uma voltagem de c\u00e9lula de uma nova UPS 370V B\u00f3ia da bateria carregada com voltagem flutuante = 2,23 Vpc<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>[Hans Tuphorn, J. Power Sources, 40 (1992) 47-61]<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2594a4c\" data-id=\"2594a4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-776f8ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"776f8ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-4-pnbwjuuz71mcr2j8nnmbgkrsk2c3ftz4o76o6cvh8w.jpg\" title=\"Figura 4\" alt=\"Varia\u00e7\u00e3o da voltagem da c\u00e9lula para uma voltagem de c\u00e9lula\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08f85e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08f85e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Carga flutuante e a import\u00e2ncia de controlar as tens\u00f5es das c\u00e9lulas:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c9 muito essencial controlar as tens\u00f5es celulares durante os per\u00edodos de carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o. Experi\u00eancias<strong> <\/strong>realizado em uma bateria VR de 48V\/100Ah de telecomunica\u00e7\u00e3o ilustram este fato.<\/p>\n<p>As c\u00e9lulas foram flutuadas a 2,3 V por c\u00e9lula com uma corrente de 0<em>,4<\/em> <em>&#8211; 0 <\/em><em>,6<\/em>mA\/Ah e a temperatura da extremidade<\/p>\n<p>c\u00e9lulas, c\u00e9lula central e arredores eram iguais). A tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o para o fio \u00e9 de 2,3 V x 24 c\u00e9lulas = 55,2 V.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0293003 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0293003\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tabela 11. 2,3 V Carga flutuante de baterias de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es 48 V, baterias de 100 Ah, com uma corrente de 0<em>,4<\/em> <em>&#8211; 0 <\/em><em>,6<\/em>mA\/Ah<\/p>\n<p>[Matthews, K; Papp, B, R.F. Nelson, em <em>Power Sources 12<\/em>, Keily, T; Baxter, B.W.(eds) International Power Sources Symp. Comit\u00e9, Leatherhead, Inglaterra, 1989, pp. 1 &#8211; 31].<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a77524 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a77524\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table width=\"659\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p><strong>N\u00e3o. de c\u00e9lulas em curto-circuito<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p><strong>A voltagem das c\u00e9lulas sobe para, Volts<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p><strong>A corrente de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o aumenta para (mA por Ah)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p><strong>Temperatura da c\u00e9lula aumentada por, <\/strong><strong>\u00b0<\/strong><strong>C<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p><strong>Dura\u00e7\u00e3o para o aumento da referida temperatura, horas<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<p><strong>Observa\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>Um<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>2.4 (55.2 \u00f7 23)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>2.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<p>Nenhum aumento de temperatura<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>Dois<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>2.51 (55.2 \u00f7 22)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<p>Subida m\u00ednima de temperatura<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>Tr\u00eas<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>2.63 (55.2 \u00f7 21)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<p>Come\u00e7a a entrar em fuga t\u00e9rmica<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>Quatro<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>2.76 (55.2 \u00f7 20)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>180<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"99\">\n<p>1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<p>Entra numa condi\u00e7\u00e3o de fuga t\u00e9rmica.<\/p>\n<p>H2S g\u00e1s gerado<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af71ef7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af71ef7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os dados acima indicam que o curto-circuito de 1 ou 2 c\u00e9lulas n\u00e3o seria desastroso do ponto de vista t\u00e9rmico.<\/p>\n<p>Desde que as c\u00e9lulas VR n\u00e3o sejam utilizadas em condi\u00e7\u00f5es abusivas (por exemplo  <em>&gt; <\/em>60\u00b0C e correntes de carga elevadas ou tens\u00f5es de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o superiores a 2,4 V por c\u00e9lula), n\u00e3o emitem gases H2S ou SO2. Se estes gases forem produzidos, os componentes circundantes de cobre e lat\u00e3o e outras pe\u00e7as electr\u00f3nicas ficar\u00e3o contaminados e manchados. Assim, \u00e9 essencial monitorizar as tens\u00f5es celulares das baterias no flutuador.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bde574e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bde574e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Fuga t\u00e9rmica<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As altas tens\u00f5es e correntes de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o levam a temperaturas celulares mais altas. Por isso, uma boa ventila\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 obrigat\u00f3ria para todos os tipos de pilhas. Quando a temperatura produzida dentro de uma c\u00e9lula VR (devido ao ciclo de oxig\u00eanio e outros fatores), n\u00e3o pode ser dissipada pelo sistema celular, a temperatura sobe. Quando esta condi\u00e7\u00e3o persistir por mais tempo, a secagem do eletr\u00f3lito e o aumento da temperatura devido \u00e0 gera\u00e7\u00e3o de gases (O2 e H2) levar\u00e1 a danos no frasco da c\u00e9lula e pode ocorrer o estouro.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>Os n\u00fameros apresentados abaixo mostram alguns exemplos dos resultados do fen\u00f3meno da fuga t\u00e9rmica:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-150fce5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"150fce5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b65d9b4\" data-id=\"b65d9b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a08e79a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a08e79a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-5-Thermal-runaway-1-pnbwjlglap9hiyww6jk1rn56m7mfauxtawntdl9ez4.jpg\" title=\"Figura 5 Fuga t\u00e9rmica 1\" alt=\"Inc\u00eandio devido \u00e0 fuga t\u00e9rmica\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Inc\u00eandio devido \u00e0 fuga t\u00e9rmica<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ab040c\" data-id=\"1ab040c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fed771 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4fed771\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-5-Thermal-runaway-2-pnbwja6j0ou1nnda0eoixpznhl60qhp19ctzm9q51s.jpg\" title=\"Figura 5 Fuga t\u00e9rmica 2\" alt=\"Curto Circuito devido \u00e0 Fuga T\u00e9rmica\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Curto Circuito devido \u00e0 Fuga T\u00e9rmica<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b96609 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b96609\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2c49b4\" data-id=\"a2c49b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d06364b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d06364b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-5-Thermal-runaway-3-pnbwix0sd0c153we58zqytb766yvqq8sjjp6we9ngw.jpg\" title=\"Figura 5 Fuga t\u00e9rmica 3\" alt=\"Destrui\u00e7\u00e3o de contentores devido \u00e0 Fuga T\u00e9rmica\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Destrui\u00e7\u00e3o de contentores devido \u00e0 Fuga T\u00e9rmica<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-11d4d6c\" data-id=\"11d4d6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4191690 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4191690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-5-Thermal-runaway-4-pnbwimok9txvlebetmiupdx4mydue23qu4iumcozdc.jpg\" title=\"Figura 5 Fuga t\u00e9rmica 4\" alt=\"Explos\u00e3o devido \u00e0 fuga t\u00e9rmica\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Explos\u00e3o devido \u00e0 fuga t\u00e9rmica<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae5c97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cae5c97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figura 5. Efeitos de fuga t\u00e9rmica<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>[https:\/\/www. cpsiwa. com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/14.-VRLA-Battery-White-Paper-Final-1.pdf]<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c7a41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51c7a41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Flutuador Tens\u00e3o de carga e factor de acelera\u00e7\u00e3o positiva da corros\u00e3o da placa<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A tens\u00e3o de carregamento tem uma grande influ\u00eancia na vida \u00fatil do VRLA como a temperatura. A taxa de corros\u00e3o da asa positiva depende do potencial em que a placa \u00e9 mantida. Figura<strong>[Piyali Som e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Joe Szymborski, Proc. 13\u00aa Conf. Anual de Bateria Applications &amp; Advances, Jan 1998, California State Univ., Long Beach, CA pp. 285-290<\/strong><strong>A <\/strong>Figura 1 mostra que a taxa de corros\u00e3o da grelha tem um intervalo de valores m\u00ednimo que \u00e9 o n\u00edvel \u00f3ptimo de polariza\u00e7\u00e3o da placa (ou seja, 40 a 120 mV). Este n\u00edvel de polariza\u00e7\u00e3o da placa corresponde a um ajuste ideal da tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o. Se o n\u00edvel de polariza\u00e7\u00e3o positiva da placa (PPP) estiver abaixo ou acima do n\u00edvel \u00f3timo, a taxa de corros\u00e3o da grade aumenta rapidamente.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-c5eb9f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c5eb9f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bd34454\" data-id=\"bd34454\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21a3b38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21a3b38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figura 6. Acelera\u00e7\u00e3o positiva da corros\u00e3o da grelha vs. polariza\u00e7\u00e3o positiva da placa  <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>[Piyali Som e Joe Szymborski, Proc. 13\u00aa Conf. Anual de Bateria Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es &amp; Avan\u00e7os, Jan<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1998, California State Univ., Long Beach, CA pp. 285-290].<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-882e9be\" data-id=\"882e9be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d312bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3d312bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Figure-6.jpg\" title=\"Figura 6\" alt=\"Polariza\u00e7\u00e3o positiva da placa\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Acelera\u00e7\u00e3o positiva da corros\u00e3o da grelha vs. polariza\u00e7\u00e3o positiva da placa  <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3e01c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3e01c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Potencial da placa e Polariza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre a tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o e a polariza\u00e7\u00e3o positiva da placa (PPP) \u00e9 muito importante. <strong>A Figura 7 <\/strong>mostra um exemplo de n\u00edveis de polariza\u00e7\u00e3o positiva da placa (PPP) para <strong>v\u00e1rias tens\u00f5es de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o a<\/strong> <strong>quatro<\/strong> <strong>temperaturas<\/strong> <strong>diferentes<\/strong>. Polariza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 o desvio da tens\u00e3o de circuito aberto (OCV) ou do potencial de equil\u00edbrio. Assim, quando uma c\u00e9lula chumbo-\u00e1cida com um OCV de 2,14 V (OCV depende da densidade do \u00e1cido empregado para encher a bateria (OCV = gravidade espec\u00edfica + 0,84 V) \u00e9 flutuada a uma tens\u00e3o de 2,21 V, ela \u00e9 polarizada por 2210-2140 = 70 mV. Os n\u00edveis \u00f3timos de polariza\u00e7\u00e3o da placa variam entre 40 e 120 mil volts. A tens\u00e3o de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o recomendada \u00e9 de 2,30 V por c\u00e9lula.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d60e6ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d60e6ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e09e8f\" data-id=\"3e09e8f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2fdd8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2fdd8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figura 7. Exemplo de efeitos de tens\u00e3o flutuante na polariza\u00e7\u00e3o positiva da placa [Piyali Som e Joe Szymborski, Proc. 13<\/strong>th  <strong>Conf. Anual de Bateria Applications &amp; Advances, Jan 1998, California State Univ., Long Beach, CA pp. 285-290].<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a3100a\" data-id=\"1a3100a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ee6433 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ee6433\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-7-pnbwhtjkdytzlhhqjrxf239u80dgrfw2e4asqrw6q8.jpg\" title=\"Figura 7\" alt=\"Exemplo de efeitos de tens\u00e3o flutuante na polariza\u00e7\u00e3o positiva da placa\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c76add5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c76add5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Carga flutuante da bateria de um carro<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Se algu\u00e9m quiser carregar a bateria de um carro (ou bateria de arranque do autom\u00f3vel ou SLI), deve ir para um carregador de potencial constante que tamb\u00e9m pode definir o limite de corrente. O sistema automotivo de bordo \u00e9 projetado para carregar a bateria do carro em um modo de carga modificada de potencial constante. Este modo nunca permitir\u00e1 que a bateria exceda o limite de voltagem definido e, portanto, \u00e9 seguro.<\/p>\n<p>A dura\u00e7\u00e3o para carregar completamente a bateria do carro depende do seu estado de carga, ou seja, se a bateria est\u00e1 totalmente descarregada ou meia descarregada ou totalmente descarregada e deixada por alguns meses sem recarga.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc7e843 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc7e843\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dependendo da corrente nominal (ampere rating) do carregador e da capacidade da bateria, algumas horas ou mais de 24 horas.<\/p>\n<p>Por exemplo, uma bateria de 12V, 60 Ah de capacidade, se totalmente descarregada, pode ser recarregada em 25 a 30 horas, desde que o carregador seja capaz de carregar a bateria a 2 a 3 amperes.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b84d755 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b84d755\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Se voc\u00ea n\u00e3o conhece a capacidade Ah, voc\u00ea pode descobrir a capacidade por v\u00e1rios m\u00e9todos:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>A partir da etiqueta da bateria<\/li>\n<li>Conhe\u00e7a do concession\u00e1rio o modelo da bateria para aquele carro em particular.<\/li>\n<li>Da classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de capacidade de reserva (RC), se dada na bateria<\/li>\n<li>A partir da classifica\u00e7\u00e3o CCA (amperes de arranque a frio), se dada na bateria (consulte o padr\u00e3o indiano ou qualquer padr\u00e3o de bateria Starter que d\u00e1 as classifica\u00e7\u00f5es RC e CCA. Exemplo IS 14257).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b03d11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b03d11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Assim, podemos ajustar o tempo de cobran\u00e7a.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c9 sempre aconselh\u00e1vel desligar a bateria do carregador quando este estiver completamente carregado. A voltagem permanecer\u00e1 constante se a bateria estiver totalmente carregada. Al\u00e9m disso, o amper\u00edmetro do carregador ir\u00e1 mostrar uma corrente muito baixa na faixa de 0,2 a 0,4 ampere constante durante duas a tr\u00eas horas.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09109e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09109e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Baterias LiFePO4 de carga flutuante<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>O carregamento das baterias VR e LiFePO4 s\u00e3o baterias semelhantes nos aspectos:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Fase 1: Ambos podem iniciar a carga num modo de corrente constante (CC) (at\u00e9 80 % de entrada)<\/li>\n<li>Etapa 2: Passar para o modo CP quando a tens\u00e3o definida for atingida (Carga total)<\/li>\n<li>Etapa 3: A terceira etapa \u00e9 a carga trickle (opcional no caso de c\u00e9lulas VR e n\u00e3o necess\u00e1ria no caso de c\u00e9lulas LiFePO4 devido ao risco de sobrecarga e as reac\u00e7\u00f5es delet\u00e9rias que a acompanham em ambos os el\u00e9ctrodos).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c97643f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c97643f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A diferen\u00e7a na primeira etapa para os dois tipos de baterias \u00e9 a corrente de carga. No caso de c\u00e9lulas LiFePO4, a corrente pode chegar a 1 amperes de C. Mas no caso das baterias VR, recomenda-se um m\u00e1ximo de 0,4 C A. Portanto, a dura\u00e7\u00e3o da primeira etapa ser\u00e1 muito curta no caso das baterias LiFePO4, t\u00e3o baixa quanto uma hora. Mas no caso das baterias VR, esta etapa levar\u00e1 2 horas a 0,4 C A e 9 horas a 0,1 C A.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4d345c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f4d345c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como na primeira etapa, a segunda etapa tamb\u00e9m leva menos tempo no caso das c\u00e9lulas LiFePO4 (at\u00e9 15 minutos), enquanto que leva de 4 horas (0,4 C A) a 2 horas (0,1 C A).<\/p>\n<p>Assim, em geral, as c\u00e9lulas LiFePO4 demoram cerca de 3 a 4 horas enquanto as c\u00e9lulas VR demoram 6 horas (a 0,4 C A e 2,45 V CP de carga) a 11 horas (a 0,1 C A e 2,30 V CP de carga)  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-902d0f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"902d0f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8628f1e\" data-id=\"8628f1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e847faf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e847faf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura 8. Carga de tens\u00e3o constante das c\u00e9lulas Panasonic VR a 2,45 V e 2,3 V por c\u00e9lula em diferentes correntes iniciais <strong>[https:\/\/eu.industrial. panasonic.com\/sites\/default\/pidseu\/files\/downloads\/files\/id_vrla_handbook_e.pdf]<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-eedd73f\" data-id=\"eedd73f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4c6445 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c4c6445\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Figure-8.jpg\" title=\"Figura 8\" alt=\"Carga de tens\u00e3o constante das c\u00e9lulas Panasonic VR a 2,45 V e 2,3 V por c\u00e9lula em diferentes correntes iniciais\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1e76a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1e76a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Notas:<\/p>\n<p>Condi\u00e7\u00f5es de teste:<\/p>\n<p>Descarregar: 0,05 C Uma descarga de corrente constante (taxa de 20 h)<\/p>\n<p>Tens\u00e3o de corte: 1,75 V por c\u00e9lula<\/p>\n<p>Carga: 2,45 V por c\u00e9lula &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p>  2,30 V por c\u00e9lula ___________<\/p>\n<p>Temperatura: 20\u00b0C<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-87ed269 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87ed269\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d222a2\" data-id=\"5d222a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d13a9bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d13a9bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figura 9. Perfil de carga da bateria VRLA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[https:\/\/www. power-sonic. com\/blog\/how-to-charge-lithium-iron- phosphate-lifepo4-batteries\/]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-11cfa59\" data-id=\"11cfa59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63d9c80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"63d9c80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-9-pnc0zjnw9s8166ks6okl2a2xon8z4nxhal4bao3o5s.jpg\" title=\"Figura 9\" alt=\"Figura 9. Perfil de carga da bateria VRLA\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-9634dde elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9634dde\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede9885\" data-id=\"ede9885\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1a2b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1a2b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figura 10. Perfil de carga da bateria do LiFePO4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[https:\/\/www. power-sonic.com\/blog\/how-to-charge-lithium-iron-phosphate -lifepo4-batteries\/]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4cf4b49\" data-id=\"4cf4b49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d61b95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0d61b95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-10-LiFePO4-battery-charging-profile-pnc0za9idfv5y2yfpkibdcgbqsjazow5xalghwhlw0.jpg\" title=\"Figura 10 Perfil de carga da bateria do LiFePO4\" alt=\"Figura 10. Perfil de carga da bateria do LiFePO4\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e8b300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e8b300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como mencionado no in\u00edcio, a fase de carga de gota n\u00e3o \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria para as c\u00e9lulas do LiFePO4. Pode ser necess\u00e1rio para c\u00e9lulas VR ap\u00f3s um per\u00edodo de armazenamento de alguns meses. Mas se qualquer uso de tempo estiver previsto, as c\u00e9lulas VR podem ser colocadas em carga trickle a 2,25 a 2,3 V por c\u00e9lula.<\/p>\n<p>As c\u00e9lulas LiFePO4 n\u00e3o devem ser armazenadas a 100 % SOC e \u00e9 suficiente se forem descarregadas e carregadas a 70 % SOC uma vez em 180 dias a 365 dias de armazenamento.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba1e27e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba1e27e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tens\u00e3o de carregamento (por exemplo 4,2 V por c\u00e9lula no m\u00e1ximo) deve ser controlada a \u00b1 25 a 50 mV por c\u00e9lula, dependendo da qu\u00edmica da c\u00e9lula, do tamanho da c\u00e9lula e do fabricante. Uma corrente de 1C amperes \u00e9 aplicada inicialmente at\u00e9 que o limite de tens\u00e3o da c\u00e9lula seja atingido. A partir da\u00ed, o modo CP \u00e9 ligado. Quando a tens\u00e3o m\u00e1xima \u00e9 aproximada, a corrente desce a um ritmo constante at\u00e9 que o carregamento termine a uma corrente de aproximadamente 0,03 C, dependendo da imped\u00e2ncia da c\u00e9lula. Com uma corrente inicial de 1 C amperes, uma c\u00e9lula de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio atinge a carga total em 2,5 a 3 horas.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79ca2e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79ca2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alguns fabricantes permitem aumentar a corrente inicial para 1,5 C amperes. Mas a corrente inicial de 2,0 C amperes n\u00e3o \u00e9 geralmente permitida pelos fabricantes, porque as correntes mais altas n\u00e3o diminuem sensivelmente o tempo de carga. [Walter A. van Schalkwijk in <em>Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries, <\/em>Walter A. van Schalkwijk e Bruno Scrosati (Eds.), Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002, Ch 15, p\u00e1gina 463 <em>e seguintes.<\/em>]<\/p>\n<p>Embora sejam solicitadas recargas de muito curto prazo para as c\u00e9lulas LiFePO4, \u00e9 de salientar que o investimento ser\u00e1 muito elevado para um carregador deste tipo, tendo em conta a pot\u00eancia do carregador.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45a2324 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45a2324\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em termos pr\u00e1ticos, podemos carregar uma bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio de 100 Ah a 100 amperes (1C amperes) enquanto uma bateria VR equivalente pode ser carregada a um m\u00e1ximo de 40 amperes (0,4 C amperes). A corrente final para as c\u00e9lulas Li seria para esta bateria de 3 amperes, enquanto que para a bateria VR a corrente final de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o de carga seria de cerca de 50 mA. A dura\u00e7\u00e3o total da carga ser\u00e1 de 3 a 4 horas para uma c\u00e9lula Li e uma c\u00e9lula VR, seria cerca de 10 horas.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba39c3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba39c3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e3o h\u00e1 necessidade de uma carga de gotejamento para as c\u00e9lulas Li enquanto para as c\u00e9lulas VRLA, elas podem precisar de uma carga de gotejamento ap\u00f3s 3 a 4 meses. As c\u00e9lulas VR podem ser armazenadas a 100 % SOC, enquanto as c\u00e9lulas de l\u00edtio devem ser armazenadas a menos de 100 % SOC.<\/p>\n<p>As c\u00e9lulas de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio totalmente carregadas n\u00e3o devem ser mais carregadas. Qualquer corrente fornecida a uma bateria de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio totalmente carregada resultar\u00e1 em danos para a bateria. Um pouco de sobrecarga pode ser tolerada, mas as condi\u00e7\u00f5es extremas levar\u00e3o ao estouro e ao disparo se n\u00e3o forem protegidas pelo sistema de gest\u00e3o de baterias (BMS)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>Para leitura adicional, por favor consulte <a href=\"https:\/\/battlebornbatteries.com\/charging-battleborn-lifepo4-batteries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/battlebornbatteries.com\/charging-battleborn-lifepo4-batteries\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electronicsweekly.com\/market-sectors\/power\/float-charging-lithium-ion-cells-2006-02\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.electronicsweekly.com\/market-sectors\/power\/float-charging-lithium-ion-cells-2006-02\/<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3b20a97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3b20a97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e92ae9\" data-id=\"7e92ae9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07e0648 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"07e0648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figura 11. Fases de carga de um algoritmo de carga padr\u00e3o de \u00edon-l\u00edtio<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[Walter A. van Schalkwijk in <em>Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries, <\/em>Walter A. van Schalkwijk e Bruno Scrosati (Eds.), Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002, Ch 15, p\u00e1gina 464].<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-81c845f\" data-id=\"81c845f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b054886 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b054886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-11-Stages-of-charge-for-a-standard-Li-ion-charge-algorithm-pnc0yx3rprd5fjhjuetjefrvfec5zxfx7hgns114b4.jpg\" title=\"Figura 11 Etapas de carga para um algoritmo de carga padr\u00e3o de \u00edon-l\u00edtio\" alt=\"Figura 11. Fases de carga de um algoritmo de carga padr\u00e3o de \u00edon-l\u00edtio\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-892a699 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"892a699\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio com carga flutuante &#8211; voltagem flutuante i\u00e3o de l\u00edtio<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>N\u00e3o \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio o carregamento de baterias de i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio. Elas tamb\u00e9m n\u00e3o devem ser armazenadas em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de carga completa. Podem ser descarregados e carregados a 70% de SOC uma vez em 6 a 12 meses, se for previsto um longo armazenamento.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bac6c7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bac6c7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">float charging e trickle charging<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25ab361 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"25ab361\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Qual \u00e9 a diferen\u00e7a entre carga por gotejamento e carga por flutua\u00e7\u00e3o?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A<strong>carga por gotejamento<\/strong> \u00e9 uma taxa de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o para recarregar a carga. Uma taxa de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o compensa apenas a auto-descarga. Dependendo da idade e do estado da bateria, uma densidade de corrente de 40<\/p>\n<p>a 100 mA\/100 Ah de capacidade nominal pode ser necess\u00e1ria durante a carga de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o (carga trickle). Estas baterias devem ser recarregadas ap\u00f3s cada descarga. Assim que a bateria estiver  <strong>totalmente carregada, deve ser desligada do carregador. Caso contr\u00e1rio, a bateria ser\u00e1 danificada.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A <strong>carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong> \u00e9 <strong>uma carga cont\u00ednua de tens\u00e3o constante<\/strong> e a bateria est\u00e1 sempre preparada para fornecer a energia necess\u00e1ria, pois est\u00e1 sempre em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de carga total.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-728cee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"728cee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">Por quanto tempo se pode carregar uma bateria?<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a84299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a84299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As tens\u00f5es de carga flutuante s\u00e3o mantidas num valor suficientemente alto para compensar a auto-descarga da bateria e para manter a bateria sempre em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de carga total, mas suficientemente baixo para minimizar a corros\u00e3o da rede positiva. A corrente de carga depende, em grande parte, do perfil de carga. A corrente ser\u00e1 maior depois de uma queda de carga. As baterias nunca ficam sobrecarregadas neste modo. Quando ociosa por um longo tempo, a corrente de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o seria de 200 a 400 mA por 100 Ah de capacidade.<\/p>\n<p>A bateria nunca \u00e9 desligada do carregador. A bateria flutua atrav\u00e9s do autocarro do carregador.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79511db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79511db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Como calcular a corrente de carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>O carregador de b\u00f3ia fornece corrente ap\u00f3s a detec\u00e7\u00e3o da voltagem da bateria. Portanto, n\u00e3o h\u00e1 necessidade de calcular a corrente de carga flutuante. Apenas se pode limitar a corrente de arranque inicial a um m\u00e1ximo de 0,4 C amperes. Como a carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um carregador de potencial constante, ela reduzir\u00e1 automaticamente a corrente at\u00e9 o n\u00edvel necess\u00e1rio. Em vez disso, a bateria receber\u00e1 apenas o que quer. Normalmente todas as baterias VR s\u00e3o flutuadas a 2,3 V por c\u00e9lula. A bateria totalmente carregada receber\u00e1 apenas 0,2 a 0,4 A por cada 100 Ah de capacidade da bateria.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-471a3eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"471a3eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Diferen\u00e7a entre o impulso e a carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A carga de impulso \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo de carga de corrente relativamente alta, utilizado quando \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio utilizar uma bateria descarregada numa emerg\u00eancia, quando n\u00e3o h\u00e1 outra bateria dispon\u00edvel, e o SOC n\u00e3o \u00e9 suficiente para<\/p>\n<p>as obras de emerg\u00eancia. Assim, uma bateria de chumbo-\u00e1cido pode ser carregada em altas correntes, dependendo do tempo dispon\u00edvel e do SOC da bateria. Uma vez que os carregadores r\u00e1pidos est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis hoje em dia, o carregamento por impulso \u00e9 hoje familiar. Normalmente tais carregadores de impulso come\u00e7am a carregar a 100A e a 80A. O mais importante \u00e9 que a temperatura n\u00e3o deve exceder 48-50oC.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3724869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3724869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A carga de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 uma carga potencial constante cont\u00ednua de 2,25 a 2,3 V por c\u00e9lula VR. A carga flutuante mant\u00e9m a bateria pronta para fornecer energia a qualquer momento necess\u00e1rio. A bateria \u00e9 sempre mantida a este n\u00edvel e ap\u00f3s um corte de energia, o carregador fornece uma corrente elevada, que se afina para cerca de 0,2 a 0,4 A por cada 100 Ah de capacidade da bateria quando esta est\u00e1 totalmente carregada.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f117f28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f117f28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Absorver carga e flutuar carga<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>O  <strong>carga em corrente constante<\/strong> num modo de carga CC-CP (IU) quando a bateria recebe a maior parte da entrada \u00e9 chamada de &#8220;<strong>fase de carga em massa<\/strong>&#8221; e a  carga em<strong>modo de potencial constante<\/strong>, durante a qual os afuniladores de corrente s\u00e3o chamados de  <strong>&#8220;est\u00e1gio de carga de absor\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>&#8221; e esta tens\u00e3o de carga do modo CP \u00e9 chamada de  <strong>tens\u00e3o de absor\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87ffa18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87ffa18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Espero que este artigo lhe tenha sido \u00fatil. Se voc\u00ea tiver sugest\u00f5es ou perguntas, por favor, sinta-se \u00e0 vontade para nos escrever. Leia o menu de carga do flutuador em Hindi em outros idiomas. Por favor veja o link para mais leituras sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/batteryuniversity.com\/article\/bu-403-charging-lead-acid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cobran\u00e7a de b\u00f3ia<\/a> <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Baterias de Espera e Carregamento Flutuante As baterias utilizadas no fornecimento de energia de emerg\u00eancia para equipamentos de telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o ininterrupta (UPS), etc., s\u00e3o continuamente carregadas (ou flutuadas) a uma tens\u00e3o constante igual a OCV + x mV. O valor de x depende do design e do fabricante do Standby. Normalmente, o valor de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":45104,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[247],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-47131","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-carregadores-de-bateria-e-carregamento"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47131"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47131\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/45104"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47131"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47131"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}