{"id":30900,"date":"2026-03-03T20:33:14","date_gmt":"2026-03-03T15:03:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/microtexindia.com\/sac-pin\/"},"modified":"2026-03-03T11:47:06","modified_gmt":"2026-03-03T06:17:06","slug":"sac-pin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/sac-pin\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ea1c pin"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin - s\u1ea1c pin axit ch\u00ec<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. \u0110\u1ec3 pin c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, pin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p.
Pin axit-ch\u00ec bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch b\u1edfi c\u00e1c m\u00e0ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. Dung d\u1ecbch axit sunfuric lo\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n. Ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ch\u00ec \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt (PbO2) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ch\u00ec.
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn pin.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ampe<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng electron li\u00ean t\u1ee5c). Khi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y (ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ampe-gi\u00e2y) di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 1 ampe.<\/p>

\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p<\/strong> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c electron ch\u1ea1y trong v\u1eadt d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 v\u00f4n. Khi 1 ampe-gi\u00e2y c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 1 jun, ta n\u00f3i n\u00f3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf 1 v\u00f4n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean cao trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0. Chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a b\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd ch\u1ea3y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. N\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y trong \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ampe gi\u1edd (Ah)<\/strong> l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian.
1 Ah = 1 A * 1 gi\u1edd.
Watts (W) l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t<\/strong> v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00f4n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kW (= 1000 W).<\/p>

mega watt, MW (= 1000 kW) v\u00e0 Giga watt, GW (m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 W (1.000.000.000 Watts) .1 W = 1 A * 1 V = VA.

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N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Wh)<\/strong> l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p trong \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kWh (= 1000 Wh)<\/p>

megawatt-gi\u1edd, MWh (= 1000 kWh) v\u00e0 Giga Watt-gi\u1edd, GWh (= (m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 Wh (1.000.000.000 Watt-gi\u1edd)). <\/p>

\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb GW \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn. GWh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (EV) l\u1edbn v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef pin dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn Wh = 1 W * 1 h = 1 Wh
Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a pin, m\u1ed9t pin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu 1200 Wh (ho\u1eb7c 1,2 kWh) n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 12 v\u00e0 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng Ah l\u00e0 100.
12 V * 100 Ah = 1200 Wh ho\u1eb7c 1,2 kWh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> c\u1ee7a pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 W tr\u00ean kg.
C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ri\u00eang<\/strong> r = W \/ kg v\u00e0 kW \/ kg.
T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> c\u1ee7a pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 Wh tr\u00ean kg.
N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang<\/strong> = Wh \/ kg v\u00e0 kWh \/ kg. (C\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Wh kg-1)
T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1ec3 t\u00edch<\/strong> c\u1ee7a pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 W tr\u00ean l\u00edt.
M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t = W \/ l\u00edt v\u00e0 kW \/ l\u00edt.
N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1ec3 t\u00edch<\/strong> c\u1ee7a pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 Wh tr\u00ean l\u00edt.
1 W = 1 J m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> = Wh \/ l\u00edt v\u00e0 kWh \/ l\u00edt. (C\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 WL -1<\/sup> ho\u1eb7c W l -1<\/sup> )<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit ch\u00ec l\u00e0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pb (NP) + PbO 2<\/sub> (PP) + 2H 2<\/sub> SO 4<\/sub> X\u1ea3 \u21d4 S\u1ea1c PbSO 4<\/sub> (PP) + PbSO 4<\/sub> (NP) + 2H 2<\/sub> O (G\u1ea7n PP)<\/p>

Ch\u00fa \u00fd:<\/em> NP = b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m = c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n = nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 electron trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/em> PP =<\/em> t\u1ea5m d\u01b0\u01a1ng = c\u1ef1c \u00e2m trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n = ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn electron trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/em><\/p>

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n; c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u00fac n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t cho \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111o c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n do t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 (s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m).<\/p>

Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0394<\/strong> G<\/em><\/strong> , s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Gibb<\/em><\/strong> , \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 E<\/em><\/strong> l\u00e0 emf<\/strong> (s\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c th\u1ebf n\u0103ng) c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec<\/strong> ), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n n<\/em><\/strong> Faradays (<\/strong> F<\/em><\/strong> )<\/strong> tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i mol ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y sang \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c kia, th\u00ec c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n do t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 nFE<\/em><\/strong> . Ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do t\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean h\u1ec7. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y,<\/p>

\u0394G = nFE ho\u1eb7c<\/p>

\u0394G = -nFE ho\u1eb7c<\/p>

-\u0394G \u00b0 = nFE \u00b0<\/p>

(trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n; E \u00b0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Gibbs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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(\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec ?<\/strong> : 25 \u00b0 C ho\u1eb7c C (298,1 \u00b0 K ho\u1eb7c Kelvin), \u00e1p su\u1ea5t 1 bar, v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9) c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, Pb<\/em> 2+<\/sup> , l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t).<\/p>

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Gibbs.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Gibbs<\/em> k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do (DG). N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec<\/strong> ), \u0394 G<\/em> l\u00e0 \u00e2m (n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng) v\u00e0 emf l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch nF s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t theo h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu \u0394 G<\/em> d\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec<\/strong> ).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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EMF c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Emf c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u<\/em><\/strong> , t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u (tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/em><\/strong> ) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a pin. Cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i miligam hay m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kil\u00f4gam v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ri\u00eang l\u1ebb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/em><\/strong> ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ampe gi\u1edd v\u00e0 o\u00e1t gi\u1edd. Do \u0111\u00f3, 4,5 gam ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh ch\u00ec \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit ch\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t ampe gi\u1edd (Ah) theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 45 gam, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i g\u1ea5p m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n Ah. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i; Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c s\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nhau, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 1,69 V. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a axit sunfuric v\u00e0 ch\u00ec.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf \u00f4 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (E \u00b0) c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (DG \u00b0) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 cho \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>

Emf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c<\/p>

\u03a3\u0394G\u00ba \u0192 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/sub> – \u03a3\u0394G\u00ba \u0192 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/sub><\/p>

Trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0394G \u00b0 \u0192<\/sub> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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B\u1ea3ng 1<\/p>

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, \u0394G \u00b0 \u0192<\/sub> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o<\/p>

(<\/strong> Hans Bode, \u1eaec quy axit-ch\u00ec, John Wiley, New York, 1977, Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c IV, trang 366.<\/strong> )<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \/ S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 (k cal mol \u2212 1)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPbO2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-52.34<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPb<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH2SO4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-177.34<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPbSO4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-193.8<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH2O<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-56.69<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0<\/p>

Pb + PbO 2<\/sub> + 2H 2<\/sub> SO 4<\/sub> \u21c4<\/sub> 2PbSO 4<\/sub> + 2H 2<\/sub> O E \u00b0 = 2,04 V.<\/p>

\u0394G \u00b0 = \u03a3\u0394G\u00ba \u0192 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/sub> – \u03a3\u0394G\u00ba \u0192 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/sub><\/p>

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb S\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa Chu\u1ea9n, [1.<\/strong> Hans Bode, \u1eaec quy axit-ch\u00ec, John Wiley, New York, 1977, Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c IV, trang 366<\/strong> ]<\/strong><\/p>

= [2 ( –<\/em> 193. 89 )<\/em> + 2 ( –<\/em> 56. 69 )<\/em> ] –<\/em> [0 –<\/em> ( –<\/em> 52. 34 )<\/em> + 2 ( –<\/em> 177. 34 )<\/em> ]<\/p>

= –<\/em> 94 .<\/em> 14 kcal mol –<\/sup><\/em> 1<\/sup><\/p>

= –<\/em> 94 .<\/em> 14 kcal mol –<\/sup><\/em> 1<\/sup> \u00d7<\/em> 4 .<\/em> 184 kJ mol –<\/sup><\/em> 1<\/sup> (\u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kcal sang kJ nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi 4,184)<\/p>

= –<\/em> 393 .<\/em> 88 kJ tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i mol<\/p>

E \u00b0 = -\u0394G \u00b0 \/ nF<\/p>

= –<\/em> ( –<\/em> 393. 88 \u00d7<\/em> 1000 )<\/em> \/<\/em> 2 \u00d7<\/em> 96485<\/p>

= 2 .<\/em> 04 V cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p pin ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a pin axit ch\u00ec l\u00e0 2,04 V<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit ch\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0:<\/p>

Pb + PbO 2<\/sub> + 2H 2<\/sub> SO 4<\/sub> X\u1ea3\u21d4S\u1ea1c PbSO 4<\/sub> (PP) + PbSO 4<\/sub> (NP) + 2H 2<\/sub> O (G\u1ea7n PP)<\/p>

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a pin axit-ch\u00ec, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0110i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/strong> .<\/p>

Khi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (d\u00f9 theo chi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn hay chi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecbch), ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111ang \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n<\/strong> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/strong><\/p>

B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit ch\u00ec b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng cao, \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ebd l\u00e0<\/p>

E Disch<\/sub> = E \u00b0 – \u03b4V. <\/p>

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a E Disch<\/sub> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a E \u00b0.<\/p>

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c), \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>

E Ch<\/sub> = E \u00b0 + \u03b4V.<\/p>

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u03b4V \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u00e1p hay qu\u00e1 \u00e1p<\/em><\/strong> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u03b7<\/em><\/strong> .<\/p>

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u03b4V s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>

Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c<\/em><\/strong> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>

E Disch<\/sub> = E \u00b0 – \u03b7. <\/p>

E Ch<\/sub> = E \u00b0 + \u03b7.<\/p>

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/p>

E Disch<\/sub>< E \u00b0 v\u00e0<\/p>

Trong th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea1c<\/p>

E Ch<\/sub>> E \u00b0.<\/p>

Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do cho s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y:<\/p>

  1. Suy hao do \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf b\u00ean trong (IR) (\u03b7 ohmic<\/sub> )<\/li>
  2. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a do s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u00ean hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c trong th\u1eddi gian b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/sub> .<\/li>
  3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 do s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tham gia kh\u00e1c (\u03b7 c<\/sub> ).<\/li><\/ol>

    Suy hao do ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c IR c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 thu d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n qua ranh gi\u1edbi pha c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng chuy\u1ec3n giao. Qu\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p truy\u1ec1n do c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u00ean hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a pin do c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u1ed1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch. Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0m t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t BET, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng, v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t v\u00e0 khe n\u1ee9t) tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng) c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong> (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ampe tr\u00ean cm vu\u00f4ng). Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed7ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 40% s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t do ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed7ng 50%.<\/p>

    S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 (\u03b7 c<\/sub>) s\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (ch\u00ec sunfat v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 pin axit-ch\u00ec) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1edbi (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ion ch\u00ec t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ion sunphat t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec). \u03b7c<\/sub> s\u1ebd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. B\u00ean trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ion \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n<\/strong> . <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    S\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9, trong khi s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 do l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>

    S\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch: v\u00ec c\u00e1c ion \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ion ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c.<\/p>

    N\u00f3 c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c x\u1ed1p khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a di\u1ec5n ra. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n trong kh\u1ed1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang b\u1edfi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ion c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n) khi di chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ly th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cation v\u00e0 anion, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/p>

    \u0269 C<\/sub> + \u0269 A<\/sub> = 1,<\/p>

    trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0269 C<\/sub> + \u0269 A<\/sub> bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cation v\u00e0 anion.<\/p>

    S\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ion v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Trong c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch mu\u1ed1i nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, ch\u00fang g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng 0,5. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i ion \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb nh\u01b0 nhau v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn ion. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    S\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong axit v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh do t\u00ednh linh \u0111\u1ed9ng ion c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ion proton (H +<\/sup> ) v\u00e0 hydroxyl (OH –<\/sup> ) cao h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a pin \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n axit sunfuric (ph\u00e2n ly th\u00e0nh H +<\/sup> v\u00e0 HSO 2-<\/sup> 4<\/sub> ) v\u00e0 kali hydroxit (ph\u00e2n ly th\u00e0nh K +<\/sup> v\u00e0 OH –<\/sup> ) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. 4<\/sub><\/p>

    \u03b9 H +<\/sup><\/sub> = 0 .<\/em> S\u1ed1 9; \u0269HSO4 2-<\/sup><\/sub> = 0 .<\/em> 1; \u03b9 K +<\/sup><\/sub> = 0 .<\/em> 22; \u03b9 OH-<\/sub><\/sup> = 0 .<\/em> 78<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    S\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ion c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 do s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n cho th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n cho th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>

    2. D. Berndt, trong S\u1ed5 tay C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Pin, Ed. HA Kiehne, Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai, 2003, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, B\u1ea3ng 1.2.
    3. JS Newman. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a. V\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 Englewood: Prentice-Hall, 1991, trang 255.
    4. SU Falk, AJ Salkind. Pin l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ki\u1ec1m. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969, trang 598<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ngay sau khi c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m sang c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ea1ch ngo\u00e0i. B\u00ean trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ion proton (H +<\/sup> ) v\u00e0 bisulphat (HSO\u00af4).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c ion \u00e2m HSO\u00af4 (trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ion bisulphat t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n axit sunfuric ph\u00e2n ly th\u00e0nh H +<\/sup> v\u00e0 HSO\u00af4) di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1ea3n \u00e2m. C\u00e1c ion \u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, Pb, t\u1ea1o ra, sunfat ch\u00ec, PbSO 4<\/sub> . Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ion hydro t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 proton) di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i. Hai \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng an\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ec, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng qua m\u1ea1ch ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>

    B\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1eeda t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u00e2m t\u00ednh: Pb + HSO\u00af4 \u21c4 Pb 2+<\/sup> + SO4 2-<\/sup> + H +<\/sup> + 2e –<\/sup> E \u00b0 = -0,35 V<\/p>

    C\u00e1c ion ch\u00ec v\u00e0 ion sunphat hai h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh sunphat ch\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ch\u00ec sunfat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c.<\/p>

    B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y xem nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>

    C\u00e1c electron t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m sau khi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f5 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c PbO 2<\/sub> t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u00ec sunfat v\u00e0 hai ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>

    B\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1eeda t\u1ebf b\u00e0o d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh: PbO 2<\/sub> + 3H +<\/sup> + HSO\u00af4 + 2e –<\/sup> \u21c4 Pb 2+<\/sup> + SO 4<\/sub> 2-<\/sup> + 2H 2<\/sub> O E \u00b0 = 1,69 V<\/p>

    C\u00e1c ion ch\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u1ecb (Pb 2+<\/sup> ) v\u00e0 ion sunphat () ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u00ec sunfat v\u00e0 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ch\u00ec sunfat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00f2a tan-l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c h\u00f2a tan-k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ec v\u00e0 ch\u00ec \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt h\u00f2a tan d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ion ch\u00ec v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ch\u00ec sunfat tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, x\u1ea3y ra th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00f2a tan-l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c h\u00f2a tan-k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>

    B\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1eeda t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    B\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1eeda t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u00e2m t\u00ednh: Pb + HSO\u00af4 \u21c4 Pb 2+<\/sup> + SO4 2-<\/sup> + H +<\/sup> + 2e –<\/sup><\/p>

    B\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1eeda t\u1ebf b\u00e0o d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh: PbO 2<\/sub> + 3H +<\/sup> + HSO\u00af4 + 2e –<\/sup> \u21c4 Pb 2+<\/sup> + SO4 2-<\/sup> + 2H 2<\/sub> O<\/p>

    T\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n: Pb + PbO 2<\/sub> + 2H 2<\/sub> SO 4<\/sub> X\u1ea3\u21d4 S\u1ea1c 2PbSO 4<\/sub> + 2H 2<\/sub> O<\/p>

    L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi Gladstone v\u00e0 Tribe v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1881, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1859 b\u1edfi Raymond Gaston Plant\u00e9, Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>

    JH Gladstone v\u00e0 A. Tribe, Chemistry of the Plant\u00e9 and Faur\u00e9 Accumulators,<\/strong> Nature<\/em><\/strong> , 25 (1881) 221 & 461.<\/strong><\/p>

    JH Gladstone v\u00e0 A. Tribe, Chemistry of the Plant\u00e9 and Faur\u00e9 Accumulators, Nature, 26 (1882) 251, 342 & 602; 27 (1883) 583<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ch\u00ec sulphat v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1eadm, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 20 ho\u1eb7c 10 gi\u1edd. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00eam n\u1eefa s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o r\u1ea5t nhanh. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 1,75 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u00f4.<\/p>

    Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u00e2u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 80% \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u x\u1ea3 (DOD) s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    Ngay sau khi ch\u00ec h\u00f2a tan d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c ion ch\u00ec trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ion sunphat v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m. C\u00e1c ion ch\u00ec ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sunfat ch\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111i ra xa b\u1ea3n \u00e2m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a ch\u00ec sunfat trong dung d\u1ecbch axit sunfuric lo\u00e3ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. V\u1edbi th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean 1 mg \/ l\u00edt, s\u1ef1 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ion ch\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ch\u00ec sunfat s\u1ebd nhanh h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly cao. Khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a sunfat ch\u00ec trong ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 4 mg m\u1ed7i l\u00edt. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do axit tr\u1edf n\u00ean lo\u00e3ng h\u01a1n do ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 trong axit lo\u00e3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a sunphat ch\u00ec cao h\u01a1n, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 4 mg m\u1ed7i l\u00edt ..
    Ch\u00ec sunphat l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc tinh th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ee9t. . B\u1ed9 phim s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1eadm, d\u1ea1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ec sunfat kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tham gia v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edf t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ion d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. Do \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh s\u00e2u v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cao, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n b\u1edfi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, PbSO 4<\/sub> , t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 n\u00e0o. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfp theo trong n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cao h\u01a1n. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    S\u1ea1c pin ax\u00edt ch\u00ec<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a di\u1ec5n ra
    \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eed \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m.<\/p>

    ban 2<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u0110i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX\u1ea3<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS\u1ea1c<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\u1ea5m \u00e2m b\u1ea3n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCh\u00ec x\u1ed1p (x\u1ed1p)
    \nC\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng
    Cho 2 electron
    Pb -2e- \u2192 Pb2 +
    \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p gi\u1ea3m (tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00e9m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n).
    \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh PbSO4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t    		\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t~ 40% Pb + ~ 60% PbSO4
    C\u1ef1c \u00e2m
    H\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 2 electron
    Pb2 + trong PbSO4 chi\u1ebfm 2 electron
    \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p gi\u1ea3m (tr\u1edf n\u00ean ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n)
    Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh kim lo\u1ea1i Pb
    H2 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\u1ea5m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u0110i\u00f4x\u00edt ch\u00ec x\u1ed1p
    C\u1ef1c \u00e2m
    H\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 2 electron
    Pb4 + (t\u1eeb PbO2) + 2e- \u2192 Pb2 +
    \n\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p gi\u1ea3m (tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00e9m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n).
    \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh PbSO4\n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t    		\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t~ 50% PbO2 + ~ 50% PbSO4
    \nC\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng
    \nGi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng 2 electron
    \nPb2 + trong PbSO4 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh PbO2
    \n\u0110\u00e3 ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean th\u00e0nh PbO2
    \nT\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p
    \nO2 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c\n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    H\u00ecnh 1<\/strong>
    Thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n
    \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n
    Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady
    \u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ebf b\u00e0o = Th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng – Th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m
    V\u00ec v\u1eady
    \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit ch\u00ec ho\u1eb7c \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng = 1,69 – (-0,35) = 2,04 V
    T\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, EDisch = 1,50 – (- 0,20) = 1,70 V
    T\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n s\u1ea1c, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, ECh = 2,05 – (-0,65) = 2,70 V<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Change-value-of-potential.jpg\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin - H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 s\u1ea1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    Pin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ah \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u1ea7n x\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>

    L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ah c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a pin v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 15%. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ph\u00ed n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ph\u00ed<\/p>

    H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ph\u00ed = \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o Ah \/ \u0110\u1ea7u ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ah = ~ 1,1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1,2.<\/p>

    C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, kho\u1ea3ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 20% Ah b\u1ed5 sung n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c t\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0103n m\u00f2n l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t do n\u1ed9i tr\u1edf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin - S\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a pin axit ch\u00ec<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    Ampe gi\u1edd hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    ( M\u1ed9t<\/strong> mpere gi\u1edd ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t watt-gi\u1edd<\/strong> )<\/p>

    T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ea1c\u201d. <\/p>

    Ampe gi\u1edd hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t <\/u><\/p>

    Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 IS 1651 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>

    1. Pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 1,85 v\u00f4n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i cell.<\/li>
    2. \u0110\u1ea7u ra Ah ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. <\/li>
    3. Pin hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 ampe-gi\u1edd \u1edf c\u00f9ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/li>
    4. Pin b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea7n ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/li>
    5. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t Ah (Coulombic) = \u03b7<\/span> Ah<\/sub> = Ah \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i trong l\u1ea7n ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai \/ \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o Ah.<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t

      Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c watt-gi\u1edd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

      Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t o\u00e1t-gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ampe-gi\u1edd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i trung b\u00ecnh.<\/p>

      Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c o\u00e1t gi\u1edd = \u03b7 Wh<\/sub> = \u03b7 Ah<\/sub> * (\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p x\u1ea3 trung b\u00ecnh \/ \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p s\u1ea1c trung b\u00ecnh)<\/p>

      Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ampe gi\u1edd (ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p)<\/strong> c\u1ee7a pin axit ch\u00ec trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng 100% c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7n x\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00f9ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng 95% v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c o\u00e1t gi\u1edd<\/strong> l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 85 -90%. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (IS 1651) c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ampe gi\u1edd t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 90% v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t o\u00e1t gi\u1edd t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 75%. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

      \n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

      Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ea1c b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m. Khi kho\u1ea3ng 3\/4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ec sunfat tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ch\u00ec \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee7 nhanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u1ed1p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m b\u00ean trong, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4xy s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra. Trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i PbSO 4<\/sub> th\u00e0nh PbO 2<\/sub> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00ec sunphat s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ch\u00ec \u0111ioxit th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u1ea1p s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

      \n\t\t\t\t
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      \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p s\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t
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      Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3<\/p>

      E Ch<\/sub>> E \u00b0.<\/p>

      V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ee7 cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c. M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o 2 V, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 3 V \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf 2,7 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1p, v.v.<\/p>

      Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi pin 12 V, b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 18 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 V.<\/p>

      N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3m \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p n\u00e0y xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 15 V. th\u00ec pin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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      Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i: 2PbSO 4<\/sub> + 2H 2<\/sub> O \u2192 PbO 2<\/sub> + Pb + 2H 2<\/sub> SO 4<\/sub>
      Ch\u00ec sunfat tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c h\u00f2a tan d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ion ch\u00ec v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ch\u00ec tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u00e2m v\u00e0 PbO2 tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>

      \u1ede t\u1ea5m d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/p>

      PbSO 4<\/sub> + 2H 2<\/sub> O \u2192 PbO 2<\/sub> + 4H +<\/sup> + SO 4<\/sub> \u00b2- + 2e –<\/sup><\/p>

      C\u00e1c \u00ealectron di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/p>

      \u1ede t\u1ea5m \u00e2m<\/p>

      PbSO 4<\/sub> + 2e –<\/sup> \u2192 Pb + SO 4<\/sub> \u00b2-<\/p>

      V\u00ec c\u00e1c ion sunfat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ea3n, ch\u00fang k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c proton \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh axit sunfuric v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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      Ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t
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      Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1eefu \u00edch trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u1ee5 x\u1ea3y ra trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ea1p qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. Hai ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0:<\/p>

      1. S\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0<\/li>
      2. \u0102n m\u00f2n l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/li><\/ol>

        Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        \u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        2H 2<\/sub> O \u2192 O 2<\/sub> \u2191 + 2H 2<\/sub> \u2191 (Tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai t\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec b\u1ecb ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong> , \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n)<\/p>

        Oxy t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 hydro t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Nh\u01b0ng trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o pin axit ch\u00ec (VRLA) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng van, oxy ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh hydro. Oxy ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 s\u1ebd khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n qua c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch t\u1ea5m th\u1ee7y tinh h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 (AGM) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00fap t\u1ebf b\u00e0o VRLA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        2H 2<\/sub> O \u2192 O 2<\/sub> + 4H + + 4e – Tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3i ho\u1eb7c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o VRLA<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        \u0102n m\u00f2n l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u01b0\u01a1ng trong pin axit ch\u00ec<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Trong c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec, s\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u00f2n l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ea3y ra theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch:<\/p>

        \u0102n m\u00f2n l\u01b0\u1edbi: Pb + 2H 2<\/sub> O \u2192 PbO 2<\/sub> + 4H +<\/sup> + 4e –<\/sup><\/p>

        N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c platin h\u00f3a platin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m c\u1ef1c \u00e2m, th\u00ec hi\u0111ro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ee9c thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch<\/p>

        th\u1ebf hi\u0111ro c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ch\u00ec, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf \u00e2m h\u01a1n<\/p>

        \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 2,3 V th\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00ed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf 2,4 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u00f4. V\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 2,4 V, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t s\u1ea1c s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m. \u1ede 2,5 V, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed s\u1ebd d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n trong pin s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. Khi pin kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n s\u1ebd cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng so v\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Pin ax\u00edt ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p r\u1ea5t cao \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ef1c. Pin \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c cao khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>

        T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c, khi h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00ec sunfat \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ch\u00ec \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt \u1edf c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        S\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u00f2n l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh (ho\u1eb7c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh) t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u00f2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a pin axit-ch\u00ec. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ea3y ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ch\u00ec \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u1edf m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0103n m\u00f2n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn thanh c\u00e1i, do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1edbi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n sinh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u1eafc quy.<\/p>

        C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim ch\u00ec. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p kim nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 asen (As) v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c (Ag) theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. Theo quy lu\u1eadt, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng As s\u1ebd v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 0,2% v\u00e0 Ag kho\u1ea3ng 0,03 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,05% trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin - \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t pin Ah t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m s\u1ebd m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u00f2ng s\u1ea1c cao h\u01a1n do di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham kh\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a K. Peters. [s\u1ed1 8]<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m \u00e2m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m d\u01b0\u01a1ng (Xem H\u00ecnh 1), ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4 h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n axit v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong t\u1ea5m. T\u00edch c\u1ef1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb t\u0103ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u1edf 70\u201380% SOC, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tham s\u1ed1 b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c, v.v. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng s\u1ea1c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng ampe, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n, v.v.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m \u00e2m cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i sau \u0111\u00f3, 90% SOC [8. K. Peters, AI Harrison, WH Durant, Power Sources 2. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc phi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, Pergamon Press, New York, USA, 1970, trang 1\u201316.]<\/strong><\/p>

        [9. <\/strong>L\u00c0 Hardman, T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n Vol. 23, N\u0103m 1988, trang, 128]. <\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Coulombic-efficiency.jpg\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eed ion hydro (proton) th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed hydro b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n -350 mV, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u00e2m, E \u00b0 .), \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng -0,6 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,95 V:<\/p>

        2H +<\/sup> + 2e –<\/sup> \u2192 H 2<\/sub> \u2191<\/p>

        M\u1ed9t t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00edch t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m \u00e2m l\u00e0 antimon (Sb), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng do hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n antimon trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao h\u01a1n antimon trong l\u01b0\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 antimon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c (v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3), l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a an\u1ed1t v\u00e0 antimon \u0111i v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c ion Sb 5+<\/sup> , m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1edfi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u01a1i n\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n do c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a antimon b\u1ecb h\u00f2a tan s\u1ebd l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng Sb 3+<\/sup> tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ef1c \u00e2m (b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m) (\u201cs\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a antimon\u201d<\/strong> ) v\u00e0 do ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ch\u00ec, n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a hydro. Sau \u0111\u00f3, trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00ed phong ph\u00fa, antimon, trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed stibine (SbH 3<\/sub> ), khi n\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi proton.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi asen (As) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng arsine (AsH 3<\/sub> ), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p kim n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean khi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m. <\/p>

        V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1ea1p s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o oxy \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ebf n\u0103ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o hydro tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ch\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn (kho\u1ea3ng -0,650 V) v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hydro b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        C\u00e1c kh\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i. C\u1ea3 hai t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o cho c\u1ea3 hai t\u1ea5m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a oxy v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hydro, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3<\/p>

        1,95 + (-0,95) = 2,9 V cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00ed phong ph\u00fa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y \u1edf 1,23 V v\u00e0 oxy s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf th\u1ebf n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng giam th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. \u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ea5m d\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (E \u00b0 = 1,69 V) cao h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 0,46V so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y (1,23V). L\u00fd do l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u00e1p. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a oxy \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ec \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt trong dung d\u1ecbch axit sunfuric n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb E \u00b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf 1,95V.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a oxy \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ec \u0111ioxit trong dung d\u1ecbch axit sunfuric b\u1ecb \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf, cao h\u01a1n 0,26 V (1,95-1,69 = 0,26) tr\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb E \u00b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 0,72 V tr\u00ean th\u1ebf ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y n\u01b0\u1edbc (1,95-1,23 = 0,72V) v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 oxy kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb qu\u00e1 \u00e1p trong dung d\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tinh khi\u1ebft.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a hydro \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ec trong dung d\u1ecbch axit sunfuric b\u1ecb \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00ec ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a hydro \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ec. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb qu\u00e1 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u00e2m h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 0,6 V v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ec trong dung d\u1ecbch axit sunfuric, E \u00b0 = -0,35V. Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hydro s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u00e2m cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1t -0,95V trong dung d\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tinh khi\u1ebft. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t xa. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, 2,9 V n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng do t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 theo th\u1ec3 t\u00edch (H 2<\/sub> : O 2<\/sub> = 2: 1) \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 2,6 V. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p s\u1ea1c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 cao, th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t 2,9 V, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, pin h\u1ee3p kim kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a Sb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 2,8 V v\u00e0 v\u1edbi antimonial c\u00e1c \u00f4 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 0,2 V, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n 2,6 V. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Khi chu tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00ed s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng, trong khi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cdi c\u01b0 antimon\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>

        \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a pin m\u1edbi v\u00e0 pin \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y chu k\u1ef3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 250 mV \u0111\u1ebfn 400 mV. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o ra hydro v\u00e0 oxy. H\u00ecnh 3 minh h\u1ecda kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y [10. Hans Tuphorn, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 17, H\u00ecnh 17.2 trong S\u1ed5 tay C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Pin, Ed. HA Kiehne, Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai, 2003, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York<\/strong>.]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Battery-Charging-Duration-Hours.jpg\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin 12v ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c pin, d\u00e2y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u ra t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a pin v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m v\u1edbi c\u1ef1c \u00e2m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n AC th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>

        \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o AC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh DC b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p h\u1ea1 b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u hai chi\u1ec1u (AC) th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean t\u1ea3i. C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p th\u1ea5p AC th\u00e0nh DC v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ecbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao (m\u1ea1ch l\u1ecdc).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        DC \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho pin c\u1ea7n s\u1ea1c,<\/p>

        B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o cho d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (ampe k\u1ebf), \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p (v\u00f4n k\u1ebf), v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o gi\u1edd v\u00e0 ampe-gi\u1edd.<\/p>

        Pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c pin - B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        Pin c\u1ea7n s\u1ea1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i sau khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0103n m\u00f2n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng Vaseline m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. M\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y tr\u1eeb khi m\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a d\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c pin ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ra. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t pin 12 V c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ra C \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 18 V. D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a pin v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ea1c. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, pin s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u1edf 0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi ampe dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ah c\u1ee7a pin. Do \u0111\u00f3, pin 100 ah s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 10 ampe \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c nhanh ch\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ea7u ra 15 ampe s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 110% dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 pin \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu pin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean bi\u1ebft SOC. D\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u00e0 hai th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean pin. Pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c 16,5 V tr\u1edf l\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 pin c\u0169, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p n\u00e0y. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00ed do s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec7n ly c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc trong ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng gia nhi\u1ec7t do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p s\u1eb5n do ch\u00ec sunfat t\u00edch l\u0169y.<\/p>

        Pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5m cao su ho\u1eb7c b\u0103ng gh\u1ebf g\u1ed7. D\u00e2y d\u1eabn b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng vu\u00f4ng 1mm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (DC) 3 ampe m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n. Sau khi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1eaft, d\u00e2y d\u1eabn b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u01a1ng sang d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u00e2m sang \u00e2m. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t t\u1edd nh\u1eadt k\u00fd, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        M\u1eabu b\u1ea3n ghi s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Log-sheet-for-charging-a-battery-1.jpg\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        C\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd.<\/p>

        <\/p>

        C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecdc cadimi s\u1ebd cho bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y hay ch\u01b0a. \u0110i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c so s\u00e1nh cadimi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thanh cadimi c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng. \u0110\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n, sao cho n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ec kh\u00e1c b\u00ean trong.<\/p>

        \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecdc cadimi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 2,4 V tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m \u00e2m l\u00e0 \u00e2m 0,2 V tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        B\u1ea3ng 4<\/strong><\/p>

        C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf cadimi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        S\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a cadimi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPh\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u0110\u1ecdc Cadmium<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTi\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a oxy\n2 H2O \u2192 O2 + 4 H + + 4e-\n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1,95 \u0111\u1ebfn 2,00 V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2,00 - (-0,4) = 2,4 V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTi\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m d\u01b0\u01a1ng\nPbO2 \/ PbSO4 \/ H2SO4\n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1,69 V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[1,69 - (-0,4) = 2,09 V]<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK\u1ebft th\u00fac x\u1ea3 t\u1ea5m d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1,40 \u0111\u1ebfn 1,5 V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1,40 - (-0,4) = 1,8 V
        \n1,50 - (-0,4) = 1,9 V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTi\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c hydro ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (SHE)\n2H + + 2e- \u2192 H2\n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0,00 V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0,00 V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK\u1ebft th\u00fac x\u1ea3 t\u1ea5m \u00e2m<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0,15, -0,20, -0,25 V (\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau) <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0,15 - (-0,4) = 0,25 V\n-0,20 - (-0,4) = 0,20 V\n-0,25 - (-0,4) = 0,15 V\n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTi\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m \u00e2m\nPb \/ PbSO4 \/ H2SO4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0,35 V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[-0,35 - (-0,4) = 0,05 V]<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u0110i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c so s\u00e1nh cadimi Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb E \u00b0\nCd \/ Cd2 +\n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0,40 V <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0,40 V <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTi\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hydro-\n2H + + 2e\u2212 \u2192 H2\n(\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i)\n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0,60 V <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0,60 - (-0,4) = -0,20<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTi\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hydro \n2H + + 2e\u2212 \u2192 H2\n\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay\n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0,95 V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0,95 - (-0,4) = -0,55<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        Khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c, pin 12 V c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 16,5 tr\u1edf l\u00ean. Sau khi duy tr\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Khi pin g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft 16. 0 V, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        Khi g\u1ea7n k\u1ebft th\u00fac qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c, pin s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00ed. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng s\u1ea1c. C\u00e1c kh\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hydro 2 ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 oxy 1 ph\u1ea7n. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c kh\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tia l\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tr\u1ea7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u00e1c kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh, l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng pin v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u00e2y th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh. .<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p hydro trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 n\u1ed5 l\u00e0 4,1%, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do an to\u00e0n, hydro kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 2% th\u1ec3 t\u00edch. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean l\u00e0 74%. V\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 n\u1eb7ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c khi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee9a t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00ed n\u00e0y (2 ph\u1ea7n hydro tr\u00ean 1 oxy). T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong pin s\u1ea1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00fat th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eb7n ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o v\u1ecf. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean gi\u1eef c\u00e1c n\u00fat th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eb7n ch\u1eb7t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c pin kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin kh\u00e1c nhau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c pin axit-ch\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ec sunfat tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai t\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, PbO 2<\/sub> tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Pb tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m. .<\/p>

        2 PbSO 4<\/sub> + 2 H 2<\/sub> O \u2192 PbO 2<\/sub> + Pb + 2 H 2<\/sub> SO 4<\/sub><\/p>

        C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00ednh ph\u00ed. Nh\u01b0ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1ea1p d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c.<\/p>

        C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i sau:<\/p>

        B\u1ea3ng 5<\/strong><\/p>

        Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c pin kh\u00e1c nhau<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c pin kh\u00e1c nhau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i (CC)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i (CV ho\u1eb7c CP)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS\u1ea1c c\u00f4n<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh ph\u00ed CC m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p CC-CV<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c c\u00f4n m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1. Ph\u00ed ban \u0111\u1ea7u
        \n2. Ph\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng
        \n3. T\u00ednh ph\u00ed c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i
        \n4. S\u1ea1c c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00ed
        \n5. S\u1ea1c l\u1eeba
        \n6. T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea1c
        \n7. S\u1ea1c xung
        \n8. S\u1ea1c nhanh ho\u1eb7c nhanh
        \n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c CC hai b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p CV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c c\u00f4n hai b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p CC) B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        Khi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o theo Ah, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. S\u1ea1c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean khi bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c 5-10% \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a pin tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 SOC 100%. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a pin kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u do s\u1ea1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. Th\u1eddi gian n\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 gi\u1edd.<\/p>

        Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea1c. <\/p>

        <\/p>

        N\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u00f2ng s\u1ea1c t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 10% c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 20 gi\u1edd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        \u0110\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng emf ph\u00eda sau c\u1ee7a pin trong khi s\u1ea1c, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ea1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh ph\u00ed \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u00edt t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ea1c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau t\u00e1n trong \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng do d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc khi pin \u0111\u1ea1t 2,5 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i cell. Pin b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed khi pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c kho\u1ea3ng 70 \u0111\u1ebfn 75%. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ea1c h\u01a1i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c.<\/p>

        <\/p>

        H\u00ecnh 5<\/strong> cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho trong H\u00ecnh 6<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Figure-5.jpg\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Figure-6.jpg\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i hai b\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
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        Hai t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i hai b\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi pin b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o kh\u00ed. \u0110\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng cho pin. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong H\u00ecnh<\/strong> 7 [11.<\/strong> PG Balakrishnan, Pin l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u00ec,<\/strong> Scitech Publications (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, 2011, trang 12.8<\/strong>].<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Figure-7.jpg\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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        \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i (CV ho\u1eb7c CP) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea1c. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 2,25 \u0111\u1ebfn 2,4 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u00f4.<\/p>

        Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c pin v\u00e0 pin axit-ch\u00ec (VRLA) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng van. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (DOD) c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7n x\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 khi s\u1ea1c pin VRLA b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p CV. Pin VRLA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p s\u1ea1c CV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t VRLAB \u0111\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 0,25 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,30 C ampe. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi pin 100 Ah, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 25 \u0111\u1ebfn 30 ampe. D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c pin \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3 s\u00e2u trong khi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c pin th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p s\u1ea1c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng s\u1ebd \u00edt h\u01a1n khi s\u1ea1c pin, v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cao h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a pin \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ea1c gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 4 mA cho m\u1ed7i Ah dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a pin. \u1ede 2,25 \u0111\u1ebfn 2,3 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i cell, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y trong pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00ed s\u1ebd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u1edf 2,4 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u00f4. Th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf 2,4 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1000 ml trong 40-50 ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi VRLAB 6V \/ 1500 Ah<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 6.1.a. c\u1ee7a Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, JIS 8702-1: 1998, th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea1c s\u1ebd kho\u1ea3ng 16 gi\u1edd ho\u1eb7c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 10% c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n 20 gi\u1edd (I 20<\/sub> ) ampe trong v\u00f2ng hai gi\u1edd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c[JIS 8702-1:1998] . V\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin trong 20 gi\u1edd (b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a pin) l\u00e0 60 Ah20<\/sub> , sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00ed s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u1ebfu d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 300 mA (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, t\u00f4i20<\/sub> = 60 Ah \/ 20 A = 3 A. Do \u0111\u00f3, 0,1 c\u1ee7a I20<\/sub> = <\/sub>0,3A)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u00ed CP c\u1ee7a pin VR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong H\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>

        Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ea1c<\/strong> t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec3m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y cao, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u0129nh cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 UPS.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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        S\u1ea1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i - B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi m\u1ea1ch s\u1ea1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u00f4 t\u00f4, UPS, v.v. \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong m\u1ea1ch, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cung c\u1ea5p d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, v.v.<\/p>

        Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong pin v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ampe-gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c. \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 2,6 \u0111\u1ebfn 2,65 v\u00f4n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u00f4.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c di\u1ec5n ra, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ea1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Khi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 2,35 \u0111\u1ebfn 2,40 v\u00f4n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p kh\u00ed c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng nhanh v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ea1c gi\u1ea3m v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i pin chu k\u1ef3 s\u00e2u nh\u01b0 pin s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 th\u1eddi gian x\u1ea3 ph\u00ed c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh xe n\u00e2ng h\u00e0ng trong 6 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u x\u1ea3 (DOD) l\u00e0 80% v\u00e0 s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 8 gi\u1edd. B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p th\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 A tr\u00ean 100 Ah. D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft th\u00fac l\u00e0 4,5 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 A tr\u00ean 100 Ah, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c. T\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfm th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        C\u00f3 b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3 ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi s\u1ea1c xong \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec pin \u1edf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn s\u1ea1c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi sau m\u1ed7i 6 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/p>

        C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong H\u00ecnh 12 [<\/strong> 12. S\u1ed1 b\u00e1o \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 Pin Axit-Ch\u00ec, J. Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n 2<\/strong> (1) (1977\/1978) 96-98]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Figure-10.jpg\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p CC-CV) - B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c (I cho d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 U cho \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p). Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ea1c, pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi pin \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ea1o kh\u00ed v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c.<\/p>

        C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 11 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Figure-11.jpg\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        S\u1ea1c c\u00f4n - B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 d\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 ra r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n xu\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p s\u1ea1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 2,1 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u00f4 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf 2,6 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u00f4. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f4n.<\/p>

        Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ra 50 A \u1edf 2,1 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u00f4 v\u00e0 25 A \u1edf 2,6 V tr\u00ean \u00f4, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00f4n 2: l.<\/p>

        <\/p>

        C\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c c\u00f4n m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ea1c c\u00f4n hai b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
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        S\u1ea1c c\u00f4n m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc - B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        Trong ki\u1ec3u s\u1ea1c n\u00e0y, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ban \u0111\u1ea7u cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 5% dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin trong 20 gi\u1edd. T\u1ea1o kh\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u00fap c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gradien m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n. t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee7 cao \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0103n m\u00f2n qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 2,7 v\u00f4n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u00f4 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng 2,1 \u0111\u1ebfn 2,2 v\u00f4n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u00f4 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u1ea1c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        D\u00f2ng s\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p th\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (kho\u1ea3ng 2,4 V tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i cell) (SOC = 75 \u0111\u1ebfn 80%) v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh h\u01a1n sau \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c 2: 1 ho\u1eb7c \u1edf t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 1,7 \u0103n 1. Th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea1c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 12 gi\u1edd. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea1c sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p n\u1ea1p kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p n\u1ea1p kh\u00ed.<\/p>

        Th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 gi\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Figure-12.jpg\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ea1c c\u00f4n m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 12<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Figure-13.jpg\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        S\u1ea1c c\u00f4n hai b\u01b0\u1edbc - B\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        C\u00e1ch s\u1ea1c n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ea1c c\u00f4n m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea1c gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 10h. V\u00ec pin c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ea1c v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh h\u01a1n khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3 s\u00e2u, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi pin \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ea1p kh\u00ed. G\u1ea7n 70 \u0111\u1ebfn 80% ampe gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p cho pin \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ampe gi\u1edd c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p trong b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai.<\/p>

        <\/p>

        \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a pin 12V, 500 Ah b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1ea1c c\u00f4n m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 13<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
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        C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c c\u00f4n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c pin k\u00e9o th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3 s\u00e2u.<\/strong> C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9i xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 xe chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n, xe giao s\u1eefa, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c pin ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb pin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
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        M\u1ee9c ph\u00ed ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        M\u1ed9t pin axit-ch\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u. Pin ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi g\u1eedi \u0111i. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea1c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi pin \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p 16,5 V tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y. <\/p>

        Ng\u00e0y nay, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eeba khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c pin s\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c pin s\u1ea1c kh\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Ph\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch<\/strong> Cell v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai \u00f4 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c, v.v. l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong pin c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang; m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n s\u1ebd gi\u1eef cho th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n. \u1eaec quy \u00f4 t\u00f4 12V \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i \u1edf 14,4V. Pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0 16,5 V, m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean xe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ea1c d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng) \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a pin \u00f4 t\u00f4. Do \u0111\u00f3, pin nh\u1eadn s\u1ea1c d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n pin kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ea1c d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 10-12 th\u00e1ng. C\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh s\u1eb5n, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n ‘\u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng’ th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc cung c\u1ea5p d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, \u1eafc quy c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p UPS v\u00e0 \u1eafc quy xe n\u00e2ng c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a 13,8 \u0111\u1ebfn 14,4 V. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00f4 trong pin. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i pin n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3, s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Pin s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ph\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng \u1eafc quy s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u1eafc quy xe n\u00e2ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u1eafc quy m\u1edbi hay c\u0169. Pin m\u1edbi h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n sau 11 chu k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 pin c\u0169 h\u01a1n c\u1ee9 sau 6 chu<\/sup> k\u1ef3. N\u1ebfu pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t s\u1ea1c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng<\/sup> chu<\/sup> k\u1ef3 10 v\u00e0 20. Ph\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft th\u00fac khi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 gi\u1edd.<\/p>

        \u0110\u1ecdc b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ph\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        T\u00ednh ph\u00ed c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, vi\u1ec7c c\u1eafm b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c trong th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i lao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a xe v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a xe \u0111i\u1ec7n. T\u00ednh ph\u00ed theo c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i<\/strong> l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ph\u00ed t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong gi\u1edd \u0103n tr\u01b0a ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a pin. Pin t\u00ednh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n s\u1ea1c v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n x\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ea1n. N\u00ean tr\u00e1nh c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u chi ph\u00ed c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. S\u1ea1c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 A cho dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 100Ah, trong khi s\u1ea1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cung c\u1ea5p d\u00f2ng cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00e0 25 A cho dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 100Ah. N\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        S\u1ea1c c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed hydro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u1ea1p. Kh\u00ed hydro, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed b\u1ecb nung n\u00f3ng. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f4i khi, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng do s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed hydro v\u00e0 kh\u00ed oxy ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o qua ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        S\u1ea1c l\u1eeba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n s\u1ea1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c s\u1ebd c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t do t\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. Ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 x\u1ea3. Hai ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/p>

        Ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng 2,20 \u0111\u1ebfn 2,25 V m\u1ed7i \u00f4<\/p>

        S\u1ea1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c 2,25-2,35 V m\u1ed7i cell<\/p>

        T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a pin, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb 40 \u0111\u1ebfn 100 mA \/ 100 Ah dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng danh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec (s\u1ea1c nh\u1ecf gi\u1ecdt).<\/p>

        D\u00f2ng s\u1ea1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh t\u1ea3i. Pin \u0111ang s\u1ea1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi pin khi s\u1ea1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c sau khi t\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
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        S\u1ea1c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi pin \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n pin kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 SOC kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. Do \u0111\u00f3, pin axit-ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c \u1edf d\u00f2ng cao t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 SOC c\u1ee7a pin. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c nhanh c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u00e0y nay s\u1ea1c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c t\u0103ng \u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea1c \u1edf 100A v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn 80A. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 48-50 o<\/sup> C.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        S\u1ea1c xung<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        S\u1ea1c d\u00f2ng xung l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>

        Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng mili gi\u00e2y (mili gi\u00e2y) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (th\u1eddi gian t\u1eaft t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng mili gi\u00e2y). \u0110\u00f4i khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch xung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        M\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c nhanh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec \u00f4 t\u00f4. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ea1i:<\/p>