{"id":34697,"date":"2026-03-02T10:11:26","date_gmt":"2026-03-02T04:41:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/microtexindia.com\/dien-hoa-hoc\/"},"modified":"2022-01-10T05:39:21","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T00:09:21","slug":"dien-hoa-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/dien-hoa-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c pin \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i giao di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ion (ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n), s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (Pin)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong pin d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy h\u00f3a-kh\u1eed (ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy h\u00f3a kh\u1eed). C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nh\u00f4m, magi\u00ea, v.v. v\u00e0 pin khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o Galvanic ho\u1eb7c pin c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cho ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \/ \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u00e0y v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c (c\u1ef1c \u00e2m) th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ion l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n ion b\u00ean trong. t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng (b\u1ea3n \u00e2m) sang c\u1ef1c \u00e2m (b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng) th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ion b\u00ean trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

Li \u2192 Li +<\/sup> + e –<\/sup> <\/p>\n

Pb \u2192 Pb 2+<\/sup> + 2e –<\/sup><\/p>\n

Zn \u2192 Zn 2+<\/sup> + 2e –<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

PbO 2<\/sub> \u21c4 Pb 2+<\/sup> + 2e –<\/sup> (Pin axit ch\u00ec)<\/p>\n

LiFePO 4<\/sub> (pin Li-s\u1eaft sunphat)<\/p>\n

NiOOH + 2e –<\/sup> \u21c4 Ni (OH) 2<\/sub> (pin Ni-cadimi)<\/p>\n

Cl 2<\/sub> + 2e \u21c4 2Cl –<\/sup> (Pin k\u1ebdm-clo)<\/p>\n

Br 2<\/sub> + 2e \u21c4 2Br –<\/sup> (Pin k\u1ebdm-Brom)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

T\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p - \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

T\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Khi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t \u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i theo ki\u1ec3u n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c song song, c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 pin. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea5m (c\u1ef1c \u00e2m), \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea5m (c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng), ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a, d\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 thanh c\u00e1i, tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t, tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i, v.v.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

T\u1ebf b\u00e0o Galvanic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p (ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef). Trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p,<\/u><\/strong> c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac do c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong khi trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p<\/u><\/strong> , c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0o t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111eo tay, \u0111\u00e8n pin \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb xa TV v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb xa AC. Pin axit-ch\u00ec<\/a> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea7n \/ UPS v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o Ni-Cd, Ni-MH<\/a> v\u00e0 Li-ion<\/a> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho pin ph\u1ee5. Pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi pin (ch\u00ednh) \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u00ean trong pin.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c (n\u1eeda t\u1ebf b\u00e0o) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf (hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf) c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t (l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c) v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m (b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng). Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m lu\u00f4n \u00e2m (n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi 0 v\u00f4n trong d\u00f2ng EMF, Xem s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed5 tay ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n). V\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c hydro (SHE).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p kim, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 carbon v\u00e0 hydro, l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o Ni-MH v\u00e0 Ni-H2. C\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u00e2m c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u00f4xit, halogenua, sunfua, v.v., ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u00f4xy ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c \u00e2m trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kim lo\u1ea1i-kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn c\u00e1c ion b\u00ean trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p (hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1) c\u1ee7a hai gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u00e2m. \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong b\u1ec3 v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng \u0111i ra t\u1eeb b\u1ec3. M\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong b\u1ec3 c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y ra c\u00e0ng nhanh. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tho\u00e1t ra c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o? <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb hai gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Gibbs v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do Gibbs ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (\u0394 f<\/i><\/sub> G<\/i> \u02da). N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do Gibbs ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/strong> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do Gibbs \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh 1 mole c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (d\u1ea1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t 1 bar v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 298,15 K ho\u1eb7c 25 \u00b0 C).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed Gibbs (G)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Trong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do Gibbs<\/a> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111o c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p pin, c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c ion \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c (c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng) sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng sang \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c kia (c\u1ef1c \u00e2m). S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ion do t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0394 G<\/em> , s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Gibb<\/em> , \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/strong> :<\/p>\n

\u2206G<\/em> = – nFE \u00b0<\/p>\n

trong \u0111\u00f3 F<\/em> = h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Faraday (96,485 C ho\u1eb7c 26,8 Ah)<\/p>\n

n<\/em> = s\u1ed1 electron tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/p>\n

E<\/em> \u00b0<\/sup> = \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, V.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u2206G c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb ba gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n, F v\u00e0 E.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

\u0394G \u00b0 = \u03a3\u0394G \u00b0 f s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/sub><\/em> – \u03a3\u0394G \u00b0 f ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/sub><\/em> <\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do theo mol ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n [Hans Bode, Pin axit-ch\u00ec, John Wiley, New York, 1977, tr.366].<\/p>\n

PbO 2<\/sub> + Pb + 2H 2<\/sub> SO 4<\/sub> \u21c4 2PbSO 4<\/sub> + 2H 2<\/sub> O<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u0394G \u00b0 = \u03a3\u0394G \u00b0 f s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/sub><\/em> – \u03a3\u0394G \u00b0 f ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/sub><\/em> <\/p>\n

\u2206G\u00ba = [2 ( –<\/em> 193. 89 )<\/em> + 2 ( –<\/em> 56. 69 )<\/em> ] –<\/em> [( –<\/em> 52. 34 )<\/em> + 0 – 2 ( –<\/em> 177. 34 )<\/em> ] <\/p>\n

= –<\/em> 94 .<\/em> 14 kcal \/ mol<\/p>\n

= –<\/em> 94 .<\/em> 14 kcal \/ mol \u00d7<\/em> 4 .<\/em> 184 kJ \/ mol<\/p>\n

= –<\/em> 393 .<\/em> 88 kJ \/ mol<\/p>\n

E\u00ba<\/em> = –<\/em> \u0394 G\u00ba \/ nF<\/em> <\/p>\n

= –<\/em> ( –<\/em> 393. 88 \u00d7<\/em> 1000 )<\/em> \/<\/em> 2 \u00d7<\/em> 96485<\/p>\n

= 2 .<\/em> 04 V<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do t\u0103ng<\/strong> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean h\u1ec7. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y,<\/p>\n

\u2212\u0394G = nFE ho\u1eb7c \u0394G = \u2212nFE v\u00e0 \u0394G\u00ba = \u2212nFE\u00ba.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ebf b\u00e0o:<\/p>\n

T\u1ebf b\u00e0o<\/sub> E = E c\u1ef1c \u00e2m ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/sub> – E c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m<\/sub><\/p>\n

Ho\u1eb7c E \u00f4<\/sub> = E PP<\/sub> – E NP<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Theo c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 Tinh khi\u1ebft Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IUPAC) n\u0103m 1953 v\u00e0 1968, m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o galvanic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft theo c\u00e1ch sao cho \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i<\/em> (RHE) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m<\/em> x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c b\u00ean tr\u00e1i<\/em> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m, trong \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a<\/em> x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c electron di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i [<\/strong> McNicol BD; Rand, DAJ \u1edf McNicol BD; Rand, DAJ (ed.) Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984<\/em> ]<\/strong> . RHE l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m v\u00e0 LHE l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

E \u00f4<\/sub> = E RHE<\/sub> – E LHE<\/sub> <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb S\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u00e0 S\u1ed5 tay.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c cho t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit ch\u00ec<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

T\u1ebf b\u00e0o<\/sub> E = E c\u1ef1c \u00e2m ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/sub> – E c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m<\/sub><\/p>\n

LHE Pb\u00bdH 2<\/sub> SO 4<\/sub> \u00bdH 2<\/sub> SO4\u00bdPbO 2<\/sub> RHE<\/p>\n

RHE l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m E<\/em> \u00b0<\/em> Rev<\/sub><\/em> = 1,69 V \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Pb 4<\/sup> +<\/sup> + 2e \u21c4 Pb 2+<\/sup> v\u00e0<\/p>\n

C\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng LHE E<\/em> \u00b0<\/em> Rev<\/sub><\/em> = \u22120,358 V \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Pb \u00ba<\/sup> – 2e _ Pb 2+<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u00d4 E = 1,69 – ( -0,358<\/sub> ) = 2,048 V.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c cho T\u1ebf b\u00e0o Ni-Cd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

RHE Cd | KOH | KOH | NiOOH LHE<\/p>\n

LHE E<\/em> \u00b0<\/em> Rev<\/sub><\/em> = 0,49 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi NiOOH + 2e \u21c4Ni (OH)<\/p>\n

RHE E<\/em> \u00b0<\/em> Rev<\/sub><\/em> = – 0,828 V cho Cd \u21c4 Cd 2+<\/sup> + 2e<\/p>\n

\u00d4<\/sub> E = 0 .<\/em> 49 V –<\/em> ( –<\/em> 0. 828 )<\/em> = 1 .<\/em> 318 V<\/p>\n

E<\/em> \u00b0<\/em> Rev<\/sub><\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c niken trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 0,49 V. E<\/em> \u00b0<\/em> Rev<\/sub><\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c MH ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o hy\u0111rua, theo <\/p>\n

2MH \u21c4 2M + H 2<\/sub> \u2191<\/p>\n

\u00c1p su\u1ea5t hydro ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c MH c\u00f3 b\u1eadc l\u00e0 0,01 bar, E<\/em> \u00b0<\/em> Rev<\/sub><\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng \u20130,930 \u0111\u1ebfn \u20130,860 V. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/p>\n

\u00d4<\/sub> E = 0 .<\/em> 49 V –<\/em> ( –<\/em> 0. 89 )<\/em> = 1 .<\/em> 3 V.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o Li-ion c\u1ee7a H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc LCO<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

RHE C | LiPF 6<\/sub> trong DMC + DEC + PC | LiCoO 2<\/sub> LHE<\/p>\n

RHE E<\/em> \u00b0<\/em> Rev<\/sub><\/em> = 0,1 V (so v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i Li) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi LiC 6<\/sub> \u21c4 xLi +<\/sup> + xe + C 6<\/sub><\/p>\n

LHE E<\/em> \u00b0<\/em> Rev<\/sub><\/em> = 3,8 V (so v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i Li) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n Li 1-x<\/sub> CoO 2<\/sub> + xe \u2192<\/sup><\/em> LiCoO 2<\/sub><\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 C 6<\/sub> + LiCoO 2<\/sub> \u21c4Li x<\/sub> C 6<\/sub> + Li 1-x<\/sub> CoO 2<\/sub> <\/p>\n

\u00d4 E = 3,8<\/sub> – (0,1) = 3,7 V.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o Li-ion c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc LiFePO4<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

RHE C | LiPF 6<\/sub> ho\u1eb7c LiODFB trong (EC + EMC + DEC) | LiFePO 4<\/sub> LHE<\/p>\n

RHE E<\/em> \u00b0<\/em> Rev<\/sub><\/em> = 0,1 V (so v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i Li) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi LiC 6<\/sub> \u21c4 xLi +<\/sup> + xe + C 6<\/sub><\/p>\n

LHE E<\/em> \u00b0<\/em> Rev<\/sub><\/em> = 3,5 V (so v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i Li) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi FePO 4<\/sub> + xe + xLi +<\/sup> = X\u1ea3 \u2192<\/sup><\/em> xLiFePO 4<\/sub> + (1-x) FePO 4<\/sub><\/p>\n

LIODFB = Borat liti difluoro (oxalato)<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng LiFePO 4<\/sub> + 6C \u2192 LiC 6<\/sub> + FePO 4<\/sub><\/p>\n

\u00d4 E = 3,3<\/sub> – (0,1) = 3,2 V<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n: D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb watt v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

P = W = V * A<\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 1 W. gi\u00e2y = 1 Joule<\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng = Wh = W * h = V * A * h = 3600 jun.<\/p>\n

1 kWh = 1000 Wh.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (Ah) m\u00e0 pin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 hai gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng Wh ho\u1eb7c kWh, th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh (Wh = VAh).<\/p>\n

850 Wh c\u1ee7a pin 12 V c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p 850 Wh \/ 12 V = 71 Ah. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 71 Ah n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, pin Li-ion, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p 70 A trong 1 gi\u1edd. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, pin axit-ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1 gi\u1edd n\u1ebfu d\u00f2ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 35 A. Tuy nhi\u00ean, pin VRLA ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p 70A trong kho\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 40 ph\u00fat m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o Li-ion \u1edf 70 A = 70 A * 3,6 V = 252 W.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit ch\u00ec \u1edf 70 A = 70 A * 1,9 V = 133 W.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o Li-ion c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t h\u01a1n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o Li-ion \u1edf 70 A = 70 A * 3,6 V * 1h = 252 Wh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec VR \u1edf 70 A = 70 A * 1,9 V * 0,66 h = 88 Wh.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o Li-ion c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/strong> l\u00e0 Ah tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Ah \/ kg ho\u1eb7c mAh \/ g).<\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang<\/strong> l\u00e0 Wh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Wh \/ kg).<\/p>\n

M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> l\u00e0 Wh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1ec3 t\u00edch (Wh \/ l\u00edt).<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/u> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/u> v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0110i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc - C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ri\u00eang l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 coulomb, l\u00e0 1 ampe gi\u00e2y (As). H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Faraday (F)<\/strong> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang b\u1edfi 1 mol electron. V\u00ec 1 electron c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch 1,602 x 10 –<\/sup> 19<\/sup> coulombs (C) n\u00ean m\u1ed9t mol electron c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch 96485 C \/ mol.<\/p>\n

1 F = 1 (6,02214 * 10 23<\/sup> ) * (1,60218 * 10 -19<\/sup> C) = 96485 C (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 96485 C \/ mol).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

6,02214 * 10 23<\/sup> l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 Avogadro (h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Avogadro),<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, mol ho\u1eb7c ion trong m\u1ed9t mol ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t trong ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, 0,2 mol ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a 0,2 * s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t Avogadro. \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t electron d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 1,60217653 x 10 -19<\/sup> coulombs tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i electron. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n chia \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t mol electron cho \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t electron duy nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 Avogadro l\u00e0 6,02214154 x 10 23<\/sup> h\u1ea1t tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i mol [ https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/how-was-avogadros -s\u1ed1 \/<\/a> ].<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

1 F 96485 C \/ mol = 96485 As \/ 60 * 60 s = 26,8014 Ah \/ mol<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng gam chia cho s\u1ed1 electron tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng s\u1ebd cho ra \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gam<\/em> c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. M\u1ed9t gam t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p 96.485 coulombs (h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh 96.500 C), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 26,8014 Ah.<\/p>\n

207,2 g kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n 2F = 2 \u00d7<\/em> 26 .<\/em> 8014 Ah = 53,603 Ah. (Cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Pb \u2192 Pb 2+<\/sup> + 2e –<\/sup> ).<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m (NAM) trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit ch\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho 1 Ah (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em><\/strong> )<\/strong> = 207,2 \/<\/em> 53 .<\/em> 603 = 3,866 g \/ Ah [ Bode, Hans, \u1eaec quy axit ch\u00ec, John Wiley, New York, 1977, tr.292<\/em> .].<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0<\/strong> c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ri\u00eang<\/em><\/strong> <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/em><\/strong> = nF \/ Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. (n = S\u1ed1 electron tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng).<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m<\/strong> (NAM), Pb = 56,3 \/ 207,2 = 0,259 mAh \/ g = 259 Ah \/ kg. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang<\/u><\/strong> theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/strong> . N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ec NAM<\/strong> = 259 * 2,04 V = 528,36 Wh \/ kg<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (PAM)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong \u00f4 axit ch\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho 1 Ah (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em><\/strong> )<\/strong> = 239,2 \/<\/em> 53 .<\/em> 603 = 4,46 g \/ Ah.<\/p>\n

Dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (PAM), PbO 2<\/sub> = 56,3 \/ 239 = 0,224 mAh \/ g = 224 Ah \/ kg. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ec \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt PAM<\/strong> = 224 * 2,04 V = 456,96 Wh \/ kg.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

T\u1ebf b\u00e0o Ion Lithium<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng cacbon t\u1ebf b\u00e0o Li-ion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ri\u00eang<\/strong> c\u1ee7a LiC 6<\/sub> = xF \/ n * Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed<\/p>\n

= 1 * 26,8 \/ 1 * 72 mAh \/ g (T\u00ednh theo ph\u00e2n t\u1eed 72 g C l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho 1<\/p>\n

s\u1ed1 mol c\u1ee7a Li l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh LiC 6.<\/sub> V\u00ec Li c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u1eeb LCO catot n\u00ean kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng anot. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 carbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t. X = 1; 100% xen k\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Li +<\/sup> )<\/p>\n

= 0,372 Ah \/ g<\/p>\n

= 372 mAh \/ g = 372 Ah \/ kg<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> ri\u00eang LiC 6<\/sub> = 372 * 3,7 V<\/p>\n

= 1376 Wh \/ kg<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho LiCoO2 (LCO)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 LiCoO 2<\/sub><\/p>\n

= 0,5 Li +<\/sup> + 0,5 e + Li 0,5<\/sub> CoO 2<\/sub> (x = 0,5, 50% xen k\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Li +<\/sup> )<\/p>\n

= xF \/ n * Mol Wt<\/p>\n

= 0,5 * 26,8 \/ 1 * 98 Li = 6,94 Co = 58,93 2 O = 32<\/p>\n

<\/sub> = 13,4 \/ 98 Ah \/ g = 0,1368 Ah \/ kg<\/p>\n

= 137 mAh \/ g = 137 Ah \/ kg.<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a LiCoO 2<\/sub> = 137 * 3,7 V = 507 Wh \/ kg<\/strong> (x = 0,5, 50% xen k\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Li +<\/sup> )<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x l\u00e0 1<\/strong> , dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, 137 * 2 = 274 mAh \/ g = 274 Ah \/ kg<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang<\/strong> c\u1ee7a<\/strong> LiCoO 2<\/sub><\/u><\/strong> <\/strong>= 274 * 3,7 V (x = 1. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 (100%) xen k\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Li +<\/sup> )<\/p>\n

= 1013 Wh \/ kg<\/strong> <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho LiFePO4 <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a LiFePO 4<\/sub> <\/p>\n

= xF \/ n * Mol Wt<\/p>\n

= 26,8 \/ 157,75 = 169,9 mAh \/ g = 170 mAh \/ g = 170 Ah \/ kg<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a LiFePO 4<\/sub> = 170 * 3.2 V = 544 Wh \/ kg<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0110i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc - N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1edfi:<\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft = 26 .<\/em> 8015 \u00d7<\/em> ( nE \/<\/u><\/em> \u03a3moles<\/em> ) Wh \/ kg trong \u0111\u00f3 n<\/em> v\u00e0 E<\/em> c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng; n<\/em> , s\u1ed1 electron tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 E<\/em> , hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Ghi ch\u00fa<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. S\u1ed1 mol<\/sub> S l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/li>\n
  2. V\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng Wh \/ kg (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Wh kg -1<\/sup> ), n\u00ean t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kg.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    T\u1ebf b\u00e0o axit-ch\u00ec n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 quen thu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb mol c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi pin axit-ch\u00ec, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

    PbO 2<\/sub> + Pb + 2H 2<\/sub> SO 4<\/sub> \u21c4 2PbSO 4<\/sub> + 2H 2<\/sub> O E\u00ba = 2,04 V.<\/p>\n

    \u03a3moles<\/sub> = 239 +207+ 2 * 98 t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng g<\/p>\n

    <\/em>= 0,642 kg<\/p>\n

    N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft <\/em>= 26 .<\/em> 8 \u00d7 ( nE \/<\/u> \u03a3moles)<\/em> Wh \/ kg <\/p>\n

    = 26,8 * (2 * 2,04 \/ 0,642) Wh \/ kg<\/p>\n

    = 26,8015 * (6,351) Wh \/ kg<\/p>\n

    = 170,3 Wh \/ kg.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    Theo Tobias Placke [ J Solid State Electrochem (2017) 21: 1939<\/em> –<\/em> 1964<\/em> ], n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 sau cho pin axit ch\u00ec:<\/p>\n

    N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o = <\/p>\n

    \"Specific <\/p>\n

    = 1 [1 \/ (224 * 2.04) + 1 \/ (259 * 2.04) + 1 \/ (273 * 2.04)]<\/p>\n

    = 1 [(1\/457) + (1\/528) + (1\/557)]<\/p>\n

    = 1 \/ (0,002188 + 0,001893 + 0,001796)<\/p>\n

    = 1 \/ 0,005877<\/p>\n

    = 170 Wh \/ kg<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o Ni-Cd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    2NiOOH + Cd \u21c4 2Ni (OH) 2<\/sub> + Cd (OH) 2<\/sub> E\u00ba = 1,33 V<\/p>\n

    N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft <\/em>= 26 .<\/em> 8 \u00d7 ( nE \/<\/u> \u03a3moles)<\/em> Wh \/ kg <\/p>\n

    = 26,8 * (2 * 1,33 \/ 0,296) Wh \/ kg<\/p>\n

    = 26,8015 * (8,9865) Wh \/ kg<\/p>\n

    = 240,8 Wh \/ kg<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly KOH trong n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ki\u1ec1m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0<\/p>\n

    do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong khi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/p>\n

    mu\u1ed1n bao g\u1ed3m tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc trong t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    Khi \u0111\u00f3, con s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 214,8 Wh \/ kg n\u1ebfu thay \u03a3 mol<\/sub> b\u1eb1ng<\/p>\n

    0.332. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 214<\/strong> .<\/strong> 8<\/strong> Wh \/ kg<\/strong> .<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o LiFePO4<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    (x = 1. 100% xen k\u1ebd)<\/p>\n

    = 26 .<\/em> 8015 \u00d7 ( nE \/<\/u> \u03a3moles)<\/em> Wh \/ kg <\/p>\n

    = 26,8 [(1 * 3,2) \/ (72 + 157,75) LiFePO4 + 6C + kh\u00f4ng Li<\/p>\n

    = 26,8 [(1 * 3,2) \/ (229,75)] = 26,8 * 0,013928<\/p>\n

    = 0,37329 Wh \/ g<\/p>\n

    = 373 Wh \/ kg<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o LCO <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    (x = 1; 100% xen k\u1ebd)<\/p>\n

    = 26 .<\/em> 8015 \u00d7<\/em> Wh \/ kg 169,87<\/p>\n

    = 26,8 [(1 * 3,7) \/ (72 + 97,87)] LiCoO 2<\/sub> + 6C + kh\u00f4ng Li<\/p>\n

    = 26,8 * [(3,7) \/ (169,87)] <\/p>\n

    = 26,8 * 0,02178<\/p>\n

    = 0,58377 Wh \/ g<\/p>\n

    = 584 Wh \/ kg<\/strong><\/p>\n

    N\u1ebfu x = 0,5<\/strong> (50% xen ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ion Li), ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i thay 26,8 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 13,4. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 584\/2 = 292 Wh \/ kg<\/strong> .<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf) c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \/ pin <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    https:\/\/pushevs.com\/2015\/11\/04\/gs-yuasa-improved-cells-lev50-vs-lev50n\/<\/a> <\/p>\n

    Th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a pin = (\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p trung b\u00ecnh * Ah) \/ (Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a pin)<\/p>\n

    = (3,7 V * 50 Ah 1<\/sub> ) \/ 1,7 kg (\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n Yuasa LEV50)<\/p>\n

    = 185 \/1,7<\/p>\n

    = 108,8 Wh \/ kg<\/strong><\/p>\n

    = (14,8 * 50) \/ 7,5 (pin Yuasa LEV50-4)<\/p>\n

    = 98,7 Wh \/ kg<\/strong><\/p>\n

    M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a pin = Wh \/ Th\u1ec3 t\u00edch = 17,1 * 4,4 * 11,5 = 865 cc<\/p>\n

    = 185 \/ 0,865 = 214 Wh \/ l\u00edt<\/strong><\/p>\n

    = Wh \/ Th\u1ec3 t\u00edch = 17,5 * 19,4 * 11,6 = 3938 cc = 3,94 l\u00edt<\/p>\n

    = 14,8 * 50 \/ 3,94 = 187 Wh \/ l\u00edt<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng 10% n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb cell sang pin (kWh th\u1ea5p) v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng 13% m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb cell sang pin (kWh th\u1ea5p)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c pin \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i giao di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ion (ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n), s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":25228,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[388],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34697","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoa-chat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34697","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34697"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34697\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25228"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34697"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34697"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34697"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}