Locomotive Battery Manufacturers
For diesel locomotive engine starting
Diesel locomotive engines use heavy-duty industrial diesel locomotive engine starter batteries for starting and operation of a variety of onboard equipment.
Trusted by the Indian Railways since 1994
Why Microtex are considered as leading
Locomotive Battery Manufacturers
German Designs - Made for Indian conditions
Microtex batteries are designed by Dr Wieland Rusch a leading battery scientist & inventor of the copper stretch metal submarine battery design.
Comparable to any leading international brands of batteries – our designs match with the best in the world.
Established in 1969, Microtex is known for its legendary quality
Microtex batteries are known the world over for its dependable & reliable battery performance
Unlike competitors, Microtex makes the complete battery & all its components in house
Microtex produces in house, the specially designed lead alloys, lead oxides, grid castings, pasted plates, injection-moulded containers, multi-tubular gauntlets (PT Bags), PVC separators and produces the complete battery using state of the art industry standard battery making machinery.
What are Diesel Locomotive batteries?
Why locomotives are diesel electric?
The modern diesel locomotive in India is a self-contained version of the electric locomotive. Like the electric locomotive in Indian Railways, it has electric drive, in the form of traction motors driving the axles and controlled with electronics. For over five decades, Microtex has been a technological leader in the development of high-performance industrial lead-acid batteries, especially for Indian Railways. Microtex continues its commitment to research and development for improving the diesel locomotive starting battery as per customer needs of railway diesel locomotive engine starter battery with RDSO approved specifications.
How many volts is a locomotive?
8v 165Ah loco battery
8v 200Ah loco battery
8v 290Ah loco battery
8v 350Ah loco battery
8v 450Ah loco battery
8v 500Ah loco battery
Designed by Dr Wieland Rusch of Germany – Manufactured with precision and pride in India, we make the complete Diesel Locomotive batteries and all its components in house ensuring a high level of quality without having to depend on outside vendors.
Microtex diesel locomotive battery suppliers
What type of batteries do locomotives use? Microtex offers the complete range of Railway Diesel Locomotive batteries in tubular plates technology, meeting recognized RDSO standards. Only tubular plate batteries can offer true deep cycle performance. Read all about tubular plate technology in this link.
Microtex have been manufacturing & exporting batteries from 1977. 52 years of manufacturing experience puts our Railway Diesel Locomotive batteries as one of the top 10 Railway Diesel Locomotive batteries manufacturers. Designed for deep discharge performance, it is manufactured with special antimony alloys, requiring very less water topping-up. A boon for the Indian Railway Locomotive maintenance team! Available in the complete range approved by RDSO. In capacities ranging from 8V 165Ah to 500Ah meeting stringent international specifications – locomotive batteries for sale
Microtex Railway Diesel Locomotive battery is made from completely formed plates; & not green plates, formed after assembly.
This is to eliminate any chance of unformed active material in the electrodes.
With Microtex Railway Diesel Locomotive batteries, you get:
- Reduced water topping-up needs, makes you feel it is a waterless battery!
- Faster charge acceptance with nano-carbons!
- High power efficiency – Recovers quickly from PSoC
- Longer discharge period – heavy-duty, coupled with deep-cycle capabilities
- Long-life – better return on investment
Do diesel locomotives have batteries?
Yes for starting the diesel engine locomotive. Our diesel locomotive starting battery is designed for instant cranking currents, delivering maximum power to start the locomotive engine instantaneously, with deep-discharge performance, thanks to its tubular plate design. Read more about tubular plates here. Manufactured with very low antimony alloys, they require very less water topping-up. A boon for the railway locomotive application. Approved by RDSO our loco batteries are reliable & perform meeting & exceeding RDSO specifications. With a Microtex diesel locomotive battery, you get:
- Trouble-free performance
- Consistent cranking currents
- Exceeds required number of cranks
- Excellent reserve capacity
- Superior sustained cranking current
The TRUTH about how To Choose a Dependable Railway Diesel Locomotive Batteries...
even if You Have Been Told All Railway Diesel Locomotive Batteries Are Plus Or Minus The Same Thing!
This is to certify that Traction Battery type 48v 470Ah supply by you in the year 2008 is working in Good Condition and Performance is satisfactory. We are getting good service support from Microtex.
This is to certify that Traction Battery type 36v 756Ah supply by you in the years 2012 and 2018 is working in Good condition and performance is satisfactory. Both batteries are fixed in Crown Reach Truck. We are getting good service support from Microtex. Snowfield Cold Storage - Tamil Nadu
At Microtex we believe our customers must get the best Railway Diesel Locomotive battery performance & life consistently. To this end, we leave no stone un-turned to ensure that you get a superior battery built with great care & passion.
What sets our Railway Diesel Locomotive batteries apart from the rest?
- Available in the complete internationally approved dimensions and fits most diesel locomotives globally
- Designer Low antimony-tin-selenium lead alloys ensure the need for frequent water topping up is substantially reduced – a blessing for the Railway Diesel Locomotive battery maintenance
- Reduced Maintenance requirements: due to the very low antimony design with selenium as grain refiners, the need to top-up frequently is vastly reduced
- Microtex Diesel Locomotive batteries are supplied only with woven tubular bags we do not use nonwovens
- Self-discharge: Approx 2-15% per month depending on storage temperature conditions
- Operational temperature: -20°C to 45°C, recommended 10°C to 35°C, short time 45°C to 55°C
- Microtex grid technology is an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony specifically formulated for use with Microtex NanoPlus Paste with Carbon Technology. The grid formulation provides outstanding structural adhesion between NanoPlus Active Material Paste and the grid frame.
- Thick high pressure die casted grids at an incredible 150 bar pressure, creates a robust spine grid with reduced corrosion, resulting in enhanced battery performance, longer life, reducing maintenance costs and downtime.
Made in India with German Technology
- Railway Diesel Locomotive Heavy-duty Battery Terminal Connectors designed for the rated capacity without causing terminal melting or connector melting (common failure mode during service)
- High-quality hardened lead alloys used in terminals & connectors, also with brass inserts
- Trouble-free battery performance throughout its 4 year expected life
- A dedicated support team for customer service to help you with the Railway Diesel Locomotive battery replacement
- German Design: With balanced active materials delivers Diesel Locomotive battery capacity that meets international specifications
- Durability: Robust heavy-duty construction, thicker spines, coupled with deep-discharge performance
- Price: A realistic, and competitive Railway Diesel Locomotive battery price
- Delivery: fastest 21 days assured on time delivery, every time; Guaranteed
- After-sales: A fully committed, PAN India customer care service is available a phone call away to solve any Railway Diesel Locomotive battery maintenance issue quickly and efficiently
- Recovery after deep discharge: Very good
- Operational Life: >288 cycles operation @ 25°C to RDSO specifications
If you need Diesel Locomotive battery for sale, send us an inquiry, now.
Microtex Railway Diesel Locomotive Battery Specifications
Microtex offers a heavy duty deep cycle railway Diesel Locomotive battery in Hard Rubber Containers or in PPCP Containers housed in sturdy FRP trays .
- 8v 165Ah – 8v 200Ah
- 8v 290Ah – 8v 350Ah
- 8v 450Ah – 8v 500Ah
- 8v 472Ah – 8v 600AH
Microtex Railway Diesel Locomotive batteries are available ex stock. Quantities of 200 batteries & above are usually delivered in 21 days
- Railway Diesel Locomotive batteries are dispatched in full lorry loads/small trucks , secured well & is packed suitably for safe transport.
- Microtex ensures safe delivery
- All batteries come with our standard 1 year warranty
Technical Data
Microtex Diesel Locomotive batteries meet stringent RDSO Standards and meets electrical performance to comply with:
- Microtex diesel locomotive battery comply with RDSO Specification MP.0.24.00.65 Rev.00 Dec 2009 and DEL/SPN/193 Rev R3 July 98
Microtex have been supplying locomotive engine starter batteries to the Indian Railways since 1994 & is a highly respected battery.
Our labs are equipped with state-of-the-art high-quality life-cycle testers from world-class suppliers Bitrode and Digatron to ensure our batteries stand meet the required electrical parameters to the test of time.
Note :
H -Height is upto Terminal
MHR -Monoblock Hard Rubber
PPCP/FRP – Polypropylene Co-polymer cells in Fibre reinforced Tray
All Batteries are supplied in dry un charged condition
The electrical characteristics are nominal indicative value and can vary within ±5.0%.
In case of cells/batteries in Dry and Uncharged condition the initial filling and charging is to be carried out as per the parameters mentioned in Technical data sheet
| Battery Type | Material Of Container /Lid | Voltage | Capacity in Ah at 270C 10Hr | Overall Dimension in mm | Battery Weight (appx.) Kgs. | Electrolyte Qty (Appx.) in Litres per cell | Initial filling Electrolyte Specific Gravity | Charging Current | |||||
| L +5 mm | W +5 mm | H +5mm | Without Electrolyte | With Electrolyte | Initial Charging rate (Amps) | Initial No. of Hrs. Charging | Normal Charging rate (Amps) | ||||||
| Mi8 500 /8V 500Ah | PPCP/FRP | 8 | 500 | 723 | 200 | 497 | 116 | 153 | 7.0 | 1.240 | 25.0 | 75 | 50.0 |
| Mi8 450 P | PPCP/FRP | 8 | 450 | 722 | 208 | 465 | 113 | 145 | 7.5 | 1.240 | 22.5 | 75 | 45.0 |
| 8VT 450 MH | MHR | 8 | 450 | 715 | 210 | 455 | 120 | 155 | 6.5 | 1.240 | 23.0 | 75 | 45.0 |
| 8VT 450 MH | MHR | 8 | 450 | 720 | 220 | 465 | 120 | 155 | 7.0 | 1.240 | 22.5 | 75 | 45.0 |
| Mi8 290 P | PPCP/FRP | 8 | 290 | 722 | 208 | 465 | 87 | 120 | 7.0 | 1.240 | 15.0 | 75 | 29.0 |
| 8VT 290 MH | MHR | 8 | 290 | 715 | 210 | 455 | 97 | 130 | 7.0 | 1.240 | 15.0 | 75 | 29.0 |
| 8VT 250 MH | MHR | 8 | 250 | 715 | 210 | 455 | 86 | 122 | 7.2 | 1.240 | 12.5 | 75 | 25.0 |
| 8VT 325 MH | MHR | 8 | 325 | 715 | 210 | 455 | 105 | 139 | 6.8 | 1.240 | 16.5 | 75 | 32.5 |
| 8VT 400 MH | MHR | 8 | 400 | 715 | 210 | 455 | 114 | 147 | 6.6 | 1.240 | 20.0 | 75 | 40.0 |
| Mi8 160 P | PPCP/FRP | 8 | 160 | 500 | 180 | 330 | 45 | 57 | 2.5 | 1.240 | 8.00 | 75 | 16.0 |
| Mi8 167 P | PPCP/FRP | 8 | 167 | 500 | 180 | 330 | 45 | 57 | 2.5 | 1.240 | 8.00 | 75 | 16.7 |
| Mi8 180 P | PPCP/FRP | 8 | 180 | 420 | 180 | 379 | 46 | 60 | 2.8 | 1.240 | 9.00 | 75 | 18.0 |
| Mi8 189 P | PPCP/FRP | 8 | 189 | 420 | 180 | 379 | 46 | 60 | 2.8 | 1.240 | 9.50 | 75 | 18.9 |
| Mi8 200 P | PPCP/FRP | 8 | 200 | 420 | 180 | 379 | 50 | 64 | 2.9 | 1.240 | 10.00 | 75 | 20.0 |
| Mi6 160 P | PPCP/FRP | 6 | 160 | 420 | 180 | 380 | 40 | 55 | 4.0 | 1.280 | 8.00 | 75 | 16.0 |
| Mi12 320 P | PPCP/FRP | 12 | 320 | 580 | 235 | 455 | 98 | 125 | 3.6 | 1.240 | 16.00 | 75 | 32.0 |
Note :
H -Height is upto Terminal
PPCP/FRP – Polypropylene Co-polymer cells in Fibre reinforced Tray
All Batteries are supplied in dry un charged condition
The electrical characteristics are nominal indicative value and can vary within ±5.0%.
In case of cells/batteries in Dry and Uncharged condition the initial filling and charging is to be carried out as per the parameters mentioned in Technical data sheet
| Battery Type | Material Of Container /Lid | Voltage | Capacity in Ah at 270C 10Hr | Overall Dimension in mm | Battery Weight (appx.) Kgs. | Electrolyte Qty (Appx.) in Litres per cell | Initial filling Electrolyte Specific Gravity | Charging Current | |||||
| L +5 mm | W +5 mm | H +5mm | Without Electrolyte | With Electrolyte | Initial Charging rate (Amps) | Initial No. of Hrs. Charging | Normal Charging rate (Amps) | ||||||
| Mi8 650F P | PPCP/FRP | 8 | 600 | 723 | 200 | 497 | 97 | 130 | 6.5 | 1.240 | 32.5 | 75 | 65.0 |
| Mi8 472F P | PPCP/FRP | 8 | 472 | 723 | 200 | 497 | 93 | 127 | 7.0 | 1.240 | 23.6 | 75 | 47.2 |
- The discharge shall commence not less than 12 hrs. and not more than 24 hrs. from the completion of a full charge and the battery unit shall be discharged through a suitable resistance at a current I = 0.1xC10 ampere. C10 being the rated capacity. The discharge shall be stopped when the closed-circuit voltage across the terminals falls to 1.80 x n volts, where ‘n’ is the number of cells in series or until the voltage across one cell has fallen down to 1.75 volts.
- At this rate of discharge hourly readings may be taken until the battery unit voltage approaches 1.80V x n volts after which the readings shall be taken every 15 min.
- Two more discharge tests shall be carried out in accordance with Srl No 1 and the result of the test giving maximum AH capacity shall be taken as the 10 hrs. capacity.
- The battery unit shall be charged at a rate recommended by the manufacturer, immediately after each discharge.
- The capacity in ampere hours shall be obtained by multiplying the discharge current by the total time of discharge in hours and the product so obtained shall be corrected to a temperature of 27 deg. C by the following formula:
Ct
C27 = ————-
1 + R(t-27)
Where C 27 = Capacity at 27 deg. C
C t= Observed capacity at t deg. C
t = Average room temp. in deg. C
R = 0.0043 for 10 hr. rate of discharge.
The following method shall be used for determining the maximum ampere hour and watt-hour efficiencies.
- Ampere hour efficiency: A fully charged battery unit shall be discharged at I = 0.1 x C 10 ampere to a voltage
of 1.80 x n volts, careful measurements being made of the exact number of ampere hours delivered. On the charge the same number of ampere hours are put back at the same current. A second discharge shall then be made to the same cut off voltage as before. The efficiency of the battery unit is then calculated as the ratio of the ampere hour delivered during the second discharge corrected to the ampere hour put in during the charge. - Watt hour efficiency: The watt hour efficiency shall be calculated by multiplying the ampere hour efficiency by the ratio of average discharge and recharge voltages shall be calculated from the log sheets for ampere hour efficiency.
- Ampere-hour and watt hour efficiencies shall be not less than 95% and 80% respectively.
- The battery unit shall be charged at the normal charging rate. After charging, the battery unit shall be discharged for one hour at 10 hr. rate.
- The test shall be continued by increasing the discharge current to approx. equal to 1.5 times the value specified in Col.10 in Appendix-C (A1) and after an interval not exceeding 5 min., the current shall be decreased to half the value specified in Col.10 of Appendix-C (A2). The current A1 and A2 in amperes and the corresponding battery unit terminal voltages V1 and V2 in volts, shall be measured simultaneously.
The internal resistance expressed in milli-ohm of the battery unit under test shall be calculated from the formula given below:
(V2-V1)1000
R = —————–milli ohm
(A1-A2)
The internal resistance may also be measured by a direct reading meter of agreed to between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
The internal resistance when measured shall not be more than the value specified as for the respective class of diesel locomotives.
- After standing on open circuit for not less than 12 hrs and not more than 24 hrs. from the completion of a full charge, the battery unit shall be subjected to cycles of discharge at the rate of initial cranking current given in Appendix-C. Each discharge shall be of 15 secs. duration with an intermittent rest of 15 secs.
5.15.2 Requirements: The battery unit tested shall meet the minimum requirements specified as below
INITIAL CRANKING CURRENT TEST:
| Ambient temperature | Discharge current (15 sec with 5 sec rest) | Min no of such 15 secs cycles | Battery terminal initial at 5-7 secs | Final voltage (V) |
| 27 +/- 2 deg C | 2300 Amps | 8 | 1.1xn | 0.80xn |
| where n=no of cells in series per battery unit | ||||
- After standing on open circuit for not less than 12 hrs. and not more than 24 hrs. on the completion of full charge, the battery unit shall be subjected to a continuous discharge at the rate of sustained cranking current as given in given in Appendix-C.
- This discharge may not be taken immediately after initial cranking current test but may be preceded by one C10 discharge.
- Requirements: The battery unit tested shall meet the minimum requirements specified below:
SUSTAINED CRANKING CURRENT TEST:
| Ambient temperature | Discharge current | Min discharge 5-7 secs | Battery terminal initial V | Final voltage (V) |
| 27 +/- 2 deg C | 1400 Amps | 5 | 1.4xn | 1xn |
| where n=no of cells in series per battery unit | ||||
Please click to view certificate
- Microtex Diesel Locomotive batteries are supplied suitably packed for distant transport within India or in sea worthy pallets for exports.
- Instruction & maintenance manual
- Charging manual & user record book
- Peace of mind with our dedicated all India service support
Often taken for granted until things go wrong, batteries require some small maintenance and care. Diesel Locomotive Batteries are composed of lead-acid cells, which need an equalizing charge once a year to prevent capacity loss and to bring up all the cells up to the same voltage. Leave this to the battery experts at Microtex
We shall be happy to maintain your the Locomotive battery at Railway sites and help protect your equipment. Call us now & inquire about our friendly service package for your Loco batteries +91 9686 448899
Please provide us with the following information to ensure that you receive the right product for years of great performance:
- What is the required battery voltage & Ah
- And Quantity
Please click the link below to view:
Discharge Curves
Industry-leading European Battery Experts work with us
The best experts from the European battery, industry assist in the design of Microtex Railway Diesel Locomotive battery & Processes to European Standards – Making us the preferred Locomotive Batteries Suppliers to the Indian Railways!
Microtex have been manufacturing & exporting batteries from 1977!
Microtex timeline
Why choose a Microtex Diesel Locomotive Batteries?
Technical information & unique characteristics
- Robust Polypropylene Co Polymer (PPCP) container & lid housed in Ultra strong FRP trays
- Unique flame-proof design vent plug with visual float level indicator for easy checking of acid level without opening each plug
- Designer lead alloys with low antimony, tin, selenium, arsenic for positive electrodes & special additives for negative electrodes to prevent failure due to corrosion
- Lower antimony ensures lesser water topping up requirements. With a Microtex Diesel Locomotive battery it feels like a water less battery
- Accurately balanced active materials ensure overcharge tolerance giving you long life & trouble free performance
- Cured & formation processed plates - ensures high-quality
- Superior Woven Tubular Gauntlets (not NONWovens) for tubular electrodes. Woven tubular gauntlets will not rupture in service and active material will not leak causing internal shorts & failure
- High-quality electrolytic grade lead coated copper intercell connectors
Robust construction
- Thicker spine grids & busbar ensure better compaction of lead, can withstand corrosion & provides longer life
- Incredible 150 Bar pressure die casted spine grids for positive tubular electrodes (densely compacted under such high pressures prevent early corrosion failures)
- Poly Propylene copolymer (PPCP) container specially designed for a hermetically strong bonded heat sealing of container to lid
- Special Tin coated copper inserts in terminal posts for faster current conductivity
- Factory formed Batteries – Quick initial charge, saves time
- Microtex invests years of in-house experience. Our world-renowned battery scientists and experts continuously test and improves our products. Because of this, you’ll receive a more efficient battery than you are likely to buy elsewhere
You get -
- The complete RDSO approved Diesel Locomotive battery range available
- Tubular battery design ensures deep cycle capabilities
- High capacity tubular battery with deep discharge characteristics recovers from deep cycles quickly
- Trouble-free performance
- Delivers the rated capacity
- We ensure our Railway Diesel Locomotive battery price is among the most competitive in the industry
with more benefits for you
- Long service life - Best return on investment costs
- Low water consumption – less frequent maintenance – very low maintenance costs
- Excellent Reserve Capacity- Designed to sustain PSoC up to six months
- Higher charge efficiency = ampere-hour efficiency of over 90%
- Deep-discharge capabilities with higher charge efficiency = ampere hour efficiency of over 90%
- All India service network
Special unique features & benefits of Microtex Diesel Locomotive Batteries
Special Patented alloys for ULM
Ultra Low Maintenance characteristics. Microtex uses very low antimony selenium tin lead alloys to ensure water consumption is minimum. Reducing the need for frequent water topping up. Feels like a water less battery!
Woven Pluri-Tubular Bags
Microtex only uses the higher quality woven PT Bags (NOT Nonwoven like in teabags). Made from high-tenacity, multi-strand, multi-filament polyester yarns treated with acrylic resins for high acid-resistance & oxidation resistance. The plate will not rupture during service!
Incredible 150 Bar Rusch Spine Grid
The spine grids for the tubular plate electrodes are cast on ultra-modern pressure die casting machines. Lead is compacted densely into the spines under these high pressures. Keeps the heavy duty grids corrosion-free
99.985% Purity Lead
Every lot of High purity of lead, is tested in-house for purity with Spark Emission Spectrophotometer. Ensures very long life battery performance. Presence of impurities like, Ferrous, Zinc, Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium, etc harm the battery. If untested it can harm the battery causing ealry failures.
Nano-Carbon Paste formula
Microtex special paste formula incorporating nano-carbon additives with graphite ensures quick recharge due to higher charge acceptance rates. This gives it superior high-rate power C5 power ratings & minimizes charging time.
Amazing 127-points quality check
Our batteries go through 127 check points before the battery reaches you. Our stringent ISO systems & process controls ensure that you get a trustworthy, reliable & dependable battery. Resulting in increased uptime with higher productivity. Highest cyclic endurance & best in class gravimetric energy density.
Here is the perfect solution if you want
trouble-free Diesel Locomotive battery performance
What is the cost of Railway Diesel Locomotive battery?
Experience shows that 90% of batteries last only 2 to 3 years.
Don’t let that happen! Choose long-lasting deep-cycle batteries from Microtex. Dependable lead acid battery capacity so you can get the complete performance of over 4 years. Your return on investment in Microtex Diesel Locomotive batteries is assured with the high performance & long life!
How long do Railway Diesel Locomotive batteries last?
Special designer lead alloys, with super additives, tin, low-antimony, arsenic, ensuring a really long life for your Microtex Railway Diesel Locomotive battery. In addition, we add nucleating agents like selenium, sulfur & copper to ensure the lead electrodes do not corrode for a long time, ensuring a very long life. The addition of nucleating agents gives the grids a fine-grained structure with good corrosion resistance as otherwise, the coarse dendritic structure will be prone to hot cracking and porosity.
Microtex Railway Diesel Locomotive Batteries
How much does a locomotive battery cost?
Send us an inquiry, now.
Our happy customers
All logos belong to the respective companies & Microtex is not associated with the brands
Microtex Reputation. Highly demanding customer base
- OEM suppliers to manufacturers
- leading user manufacturing industries
- Indian Railways
- Oil companies
- Nuclear Power Corporation of India
- Exported globally
Get a quote, Now!
Established in 1969
Exporting Batteries to 43 countries since 1977!
Battery manufacturing plant in India
What Microtex customers experience
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Related Battery Blog Articles
Battery Mistakes All Diesel Locomotive battery Owners Need To Avoid!
Do not mix new batteries with old batteries
Railway Diesel Locomotive Battery reconditioning: often reconditioning an old locomotive battery can become quite a costly affair if you keep replacing dead batteries one by one; even the new battery will drain out rapidly as the old batteries tend to draw more out of the new one.
Diesel Locomotive replacement batteries: It is best to have an expert from the company visit you to have a thorough inspection of the Diesel Locomotive batteries after a complete charge, compare the cell voltage, specific gravity to decide the state of charge & whether in needs to be replaced at all.
Avoid any sort of battery additives or desulfation methods
How to recondition Diesel Locomotive batteries? Diesel Locomotive Batteries are electro-chemical devices. All chemicals have a half-life period beyond which regeneration with chemical battery additives or desulfators for batteries have little effect, if any, temporary.
The normal mode of failure at end of life of Diesel Locomotive batteries are usually due to the decomposition of the positive plate and or grid corrosion. Desulfators cannot repair corroded grids. Once the positive plate decomposes, there is no magic or chemical in the world that will rejuvenate the battery. CdSO4 has been used, to give the battery a shot of adrenaline, but is highly toxic & causes problems in the recycling stream.